Ponds’ Concept of Ideal Beauty

Ponds’ Concept of Ideal Beauty through Its Product Ponds White Beauty It is a common knowledge that in several cultural products, such as movies, advertisements and other texts, women have become the center of focus most of the time. We all know that advertisement is one of the most important factors for both commercial and non-commercial companies, especially for commercial companies. If the companies do not advertise their products, the society will not pay attention to the products which are sold and the company will not be able to reach their goals. That is why companies must have their own way to market and promote their products to be able to compete in the global bussiness competition. They have to market their products and reach the â€Å"goal target†, but it is not easy though. By giving what people desire for, advertisers have the best chance of arresting attention and affecting communication to the viewers. Many advertisements broadcast in media especially television have created such notions. Advertisements are trying to build a mind set towards women to buy their products. Some of them are showing the things which are being sold, for example the packaging, the picture or the function, and some of them are trying to drive the customer’s mind. Nowadays, one of the most appealing phenomena is the promotion of whitening products. This kind of product has been widely spread out all over the world, mostly in Asian. The advertisements indirectly give the viewers a concept that underlines the concept of beauty; which is white is beauty. This notion appears to be quite influential for women, Asian women in particular, to buy their products. One of the most popular whitening products in Indonesia is Ponds. There are a lot of types Ponds products, however mostly are still focusing on enhacing women’s skin tone. Ponds Institute have established a lot types of whitening series; starting from Ponds White Beauty until the new one, Ponds Flawless White. The text that is going to be discussed in this essay is Ponds White Beauty commercial that is published in India. In every commercial, Ponds understands that it is women’s nature to always want to look and consider beautiful. Eventually, the definition of beauty has been ruled by the media, so those who follow the ideal beauty concept will be considered as beautiful. For most women who lived in a country that once was colonized by white people, beauty means white. Since most Asian women are colored-skin (dark skin), Ponds’ offer of â€Å"self-transformation† effectively enlarges the individual to include significant others and must become an extension of the personality and status of their occupants. If we related to historical background, we can draw red line through this kind of ideology of beauty. Most of Asians are colonized by the Western people. Most of Western people are white, then the feeling of inferiority is seen through this. Self-confidence of the women in Asia has been eroded; they would do anything to enhace their skin tone since they believe that being white will make them â€Å"superior†. They can define the superior as any kind of meaning but this superiority is only a vague impression. However, most of women do not realize this vague impression; they still keep living in the world of imaginary that stated white is better than color. They enjoy being exposed by the lie of media, in this case advertisement. Moreover, Ponds always uses the issue of the sacred link between beauty and romance. It can be seen from the comercial that the man is interested in the woman who is dancing cheerfully, since he has been staring at the woman before. Thus, when the old lady says that to him, he hardly belives her. Instead he asks, â€Å"How do you know? † The old lady reply, â€Å"Look at the glow! † The word â€Å"glow† means shines so bright. Our feeling is reflected on our face; when we are in a good feeling, our face will look bright and shiny, it also works otherwise. Getting married usually identical with joyful and happiness, the bride will be looking shiny, therefore the old lady relates the woman’s glow with the possibility that she ight be the bride. Then there is a woman’s that says, â€Å"â€Å"Actually it’s Ponds White Beauty Skin Lightening cream with detox vitamin that gives you nourished pink glow. † On the top left of the scene, we can read â€Å"Fall in love with the nourished pink glow. The underlined words are bigger than the non-underlined words, it shows that Ponds wants to emphasize on the benefit of the product (which is nourished pink glow on its users’ face). However, if the sentence is related to the advertisement, it can be assumed that the man does not actually fall in love with the woman, instead he falls in love with her ‘nourished pink glow’. Or it is the ‘nourished pink glow’ from the product that makes the man falls in love with the woman. We cannot conclude without regarding the product since the product is there and is shown to us. The promotion of this commercial successfully hegemonizes the society (in this case the viewer, particularly Asian women) that if they use Ponds White Beauty Detox, they will be looking beautiful for they have white skin and rossy cheeks. The viewers are made to believe that the man is not actually falling in love with the woan, instead he falls in love â€Å"with the nourished pink glow†. Here, Ponds tries to convey that beauty is not only white or pale white, but white with rossy color on the cheeks. Hereby, Ponds claims that only them who can give the pink glow to the customers. The customers do not realize that it actually leads them to the system that legitimates their subordination since the ideology that Ponds conveys here is promoting what so-called â€Å"universal beauty† that is based on ‘western culture†. The Western still becomes the rulling class, especially in its ex-colonized lands. What can be seen from Ponds commercial is the rulling class domination vs. The ruled class through imaginative representations The media in this case the commercial may be conceptualized for maintaining the ideology and thereby hegemonize the society. If there is a woman who bought the product as she is trying to get beautiful face (white with rossy cheek color on it), then the ideology that lies behind the product is hailed successfully. The messages in the described commercial itself hail the hypothetical viewer as a young woman who tries to get her love back. Then the commercial also hails her as a consumer who successfully proven the effectiveness of the product. The message seek to make the viewers recognized and accept particular forms of ideology, which are to sell the product and also to sell an ideology of â€Å"universal white beauty† along with romance. It can be seen how ideology is able to survive among those people who are following and believing it. Althusser’s ideological theory does allow for resistance to ideology, and the hypothetical women who watch Ponds ad may do so. The slogan of Ponds â€Å"Pond’s understands that a beautiful skin is always important to a woman† underlies the easiness of imposing the ideology that only Ponds can make you feel beauty. In some ways, the whiteness concepts of this cosmetic can be related to racism, since it is direct or indirect saying that white is better than â€Å"not white†. It is another form of racism where the mass media resents hegemonic concept of beauty (white skin) while claiming that racism is a thing of the past. Ideology is all around us, no one can escape ideology. Even when an individual wants to free himself or herself from any ideology, they are actually adapting and adopting another ideology. An understanding of its attributes and mechanisms, in the context of mass communication and other realms, may aid us in evading its influence, or using it to our ends. Ads as part of cultural production is the primary bearer of ideology because it reaches so many people in what seems to be an innocent form: entertainment. When we are being entertained in this case with the ads, our guard is down and we are in the most welcoming mode for any ideological programming. Cultural studies has been forced to rethink both idea of a single â€Å"dominant ideology† and the idea that that â€Å"dominant ideology serves the interests of those in power. *** REFERENCES Gray, Jennifer B. Althusser, Ideology, and Theoritical Foundation: Theory and Communication. The Journal of Media and Culture. Vol. 3 No. 1. 2005. Ponds. Taken from http://www. unilever. co. id/ourbrands/personalcare/ponds. asp. accessed on 17 March 2009.

Common Law Essay

Chantelle woods v Department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht 1)The relevant information that has bearing on this case vWhat was the previous health condition of Chantelle Woods before the accident? vWhat part of the building was she in? Where there any sign to say that staff and visitors are prohibited from coming in? vWas there any caution sign placed on the steps case? vWhat type of foot wear was she wearing when the accident occurred? vHas anyone ever fell from the step case before? vWas she carrying anything while climbing the steps? vDid she used the ray that was provided on the steps? From the investigation I had done in regard to the accident Mrs Wood had at the place of work during her lunch break, I was able to get the answers to the question listed above which had bearing on this case. Mrs Woods is suffering from short sightedness which means that she had to wear her glasses at all times. The picture of Mrs Woods that was replayed form the CCTV camera show that she was walking on the steps when the accident occurred without her glasses. The spot where the accident occurs was not appropriate place provided for staffs to have their break, although the floor was wet and there was no caution sign to indicate that it was a wet floor. She had proper chosen to go there in order to have a quite place to chat with her friend on the phone. It is very obvious that the kind of shoes Mrs Wood had on can leads to a fall even when the floor is dry, as the hill was about seven inches high. This is neither easy to walk with nor climbing the steps with. Despite that the floor was wet, there was no report that anyone had fell from that steps on that particular day expect Mrs Woods. I also get to understand that Mrs Wood was struggling with a heave file with one on hand, talking on the phone and climbing the steps at the same time. The ray provided was not used by Mrs Woods because she had her hands engaged with stuff. Examine this situation there is a huge possibilities that an accident can occurs. Negligence 2)Negligence What is? â€Å"Negligence can be defined as the failure to act reasonable in any circumstance to avoid causing damage or injury which is foreseeable†. (www.wikipedia.com[->0]) accessed 5/12/12 In other words it simply means harm caused by carelessness but not intentional. Donoghue v Stevenson. This law of negligence was established in the case. A man bought a bottle of ginger beer form a shop. The man gave the beer to his friend who drank it and found slug at the bottom of the bottle. As a result of what he saw, he had a shock and severe gastroenteritis. She took a legal action against the manufacturer. The Judge â€Å"Analyse the rules of negligence that the manufacturer of a product owed a duty of care to the end user of their product. If they failed to exercise a reasonable duty of care in all circumstance and a person suffers loss or damage as a result of their negligence, therefore they made themselves liable for the person’s loss under negligence†. (Davenport, 2008) Before any case can succeed under negligence the following element must be established Element of Negligence vDuty of Care: Is a legal obligation on the individual ensuring that they adhere to a standard of reasonable care when performing an acts they could foreseeable harm other. Everyone owes a reasonable duty of care to avoid foreseeable things that would likely injure or harm their neighbour. The word neighbour is the people closer that can be directly affected by our action. The manufacturer of a product owes a duty of care to the end users of their product. An employer owes a reasonable duty of care to their employee by providing a safe place for them to work. The case of Ryan v Ireland 1989 Explain the extent the employer owes their employees a duty of care to their employees. The plaintiff was a soldier who was working under the supervision of the Superior officer in a conflict situation. So many people lost their lives at that particular spot where he was assigned, as a result of gunshot. This made the entire soldier on guard to abandon their duty in order to save their lives. But after some days the gun fires cease and the area was declare safe. The superior officer ordered the plaintiff to return back to their normal position. The plaintiff was shot at that particular immediately after his resumption this lead to his disablement. The Supreme Court â€Å"Held that the state as an employer had failed to take reasonable care of his servant,† the Officer owes the plaintiff a duty of care, although the work of soldiers involves unavoidable risk of death and injury. A reasonable man can foreseeable that there is a possibility of gunfire at that spot where the plaintiff got injured; as so many people had lost their lives there before. The superior officer who sent an employee under his care to that same spot where killing are taking place did not act reasonable in anyway; therefore the Supreme Court ruled that the state was liable for the plaintiff disablement. (Brian Doolan, 8th edition, 2011) The department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht owes a duty of care Mrs Woods which is to provide a safe place for her to a work as an employee. If the work of a soldier that involves unavoidable risk of death and injury, yet the employer was held liable for the disablement of a plaintiff that got himself involves in such job, Therefore the department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht should be held liable because it is unforeseeable that Mrs Woods can lost her enjoyment of life due to the nature of her job. It is very obvious that the vinyl surface of the stairs was notoriously slippy. A reasonable employer can foresee the possibility of anyone especially a female wearing hill can had a fall due to the situation of the landing. It is the duty of the employer to ensure that there are cleaners on duty during the working hours to keep the environment clean and save. vBreach of the duty of care: Is the failure to act reasonable or protect someone who a person owed a duty of care from the been affected negatively by our action. In this case of Mrs Woods versus Department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht, prove that there was a breach in duty of care. It is the duty of an employer to provide safe place for the employees to work. During the working hours cleaners and security were supposed to be on duty to tidy up the environment, or indicate that particular spot by placing a caution sign to say that the floor was wet. Even if Mrs Woods was talking on the phone while walking on the land, seeing the caution sign would have made her to take proper care of her steps. In this circumstance, failure to indicate that particular place was not safe to work is the breach in the duty of care. vcausation: This is principle that proves the link between the defendant negligence and the claimant or plaintiff loss or damages. It simply means that if the breach in the duty of care owed to whoever is due for their damage that they are suffering from. The Egg-shell skull rule â€Å"This principle states that the defendant should take their victim as they found them†. (Ursula Connolly, 2005). Anyone who causes damage to another person must pay for whatever injury the person is suffering from. It does not matter if the injury is worse than what another person would have expected. In the case of Vosburg v Putney In United State, 11 years old boy kicked 14 years old boy, who already had an unknown microbial in the shin while at school. The microbial can easily be irritated by kick. As a result of the kick the 14 years old lost the use of his leg. The court ruled that the kick was unlawful; therefore the 11 years boy was held liable (www.wikipedia .com) accessed on the 17/12/2011. Although Mrs Wood already has an existing spine problem, she was still able to do her normal job without any complain. It was just a minor problem for her because it did not stop her from doing anything. As a result of the accident she had during her lunch break made her minor injury worse and inability to return to her normal job. As we all know working with computer involve sit down over a period of time depend on the nature of the job. There is the possibility that Mrs Wood would not be able to do any job that as to do with sitting down over a period of time, due to the nature of the injury which occur at the her place of work. Falling from 10 to 12 steps and landing a head at the bottom could result to a future injury. Therefore the employer should be held liable for her injury according to the egg shell skull rule which says that our victim should be taking as we found them. The type of the injury: There are two types of injuries that are recognised in law, which are as follow. vSpecial injury: These are the injury that are quantifiable in nature, example loss of hearing, hospital bill etc. vGeneral injury: They are less quantifiable in nature but more subjective. Example includes pain, loss of amenity and enjoyment of life and future health problem etc. I would classified Mrs Woods injury as an injury under general damages, because she is suffering from pain, inability to do the job where she earn her living and there is also a possibility that she will have a future spinal cord problem as a result of the accident she had at the place of work. Although the accident Mrs. woods had at her place of work, was not intentional or deliberate act, but she contributed to it. Contributory negligence: This is the situation whereby the Plaintiff contributed or failed to act reasonable to secure her own safety. From my own personal investigation, Mrs. Woods contributed to the accident in so many ways, like chatting on the phone with her friend while climbing the steps. It is very obvious that all her attention were on the phone rather down the concentrating on the steps she was climbing. Despite that the floor was wet; there are other evidence to prove that accident would had occur due to the negligence of Mrs Woods; failure to wear her glasses, walking with 6 inches high heel etc. How could she be able to identified the spot that was wet without wearing her glasses when she suffering from short sightedness. Again the 6 inches high heel she had on was too high to be worn on a working environment. Badger v. The minister of defence EWCH 2005 A widow took a legal action against the minister of defence on behalf of her dead husband, who was a smoker. He was employed as a boiler maker in the department. During the course of his employment, he was exposed to asbestos dust and fibre which made him to be a patient of lung cancer that leads to his untimely death. The medical evidence proved that his continuous smoking habit contributed the lungs cancer that lead to his premature death. Justice Stanley Brown Refers to section 1 (1) of the law Reform (contributory negligence) act 1954 A person that suffers damages, partly from his own fault or the fault of another person excluding the defendant, shall receive reduced recoverable damages as result of his carelessness as required by law. Therefore Mrs. Badger claim was reduced by 25 percent. Therefore there shall be a reduction on the claim of Mrs. Woods as she had failed to exercise a reasonable care for her safety. The limitation Period This is the period of time in which an individual or organisation are given the opportunity to sue for the tort that occurs. Within this period, anyone that which to make a claim for what he/she suffers has a result of the behaviour of the defendant, has the right to do so within the period of time; but after this time limit the case is said to be statue barred as the right to make a claim has been ceased. In the case of Mrs Woods v the department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht, The case was within the limitation period, as the accident occurred in February and in August the year she took a legal action against her employer. She made this claim under personal injury and the limitation period for such cases is two years. Her claim is not statue barred because it was within a year. Case two Mr. Cuddy a purchaser who took a proceedings action under negligent mis-statement against Wood Bell Camp about the property he purchased which was incorrectly calculated by Woods Bell Camp’s employee. Negligence Mis Statement What is Negligent Mis-statement? Negligent mis-statement is the representation of fact, carelessly made which is not on the favour of the claimant. It can also be refers to as inaccurate statement that is supplied by a trustworthy person to another who relies and act according to the information he had received. Statement like this are always disadvantages on the side of the claimant. Some of the disadvantages can be loss of income, enjoyment of life etc. For a person to be liable under negligent misstatement, the special relationship must be established. Special relationship is the trust or the relationship that exit between the maker and the recipient of the statement. The maker should be aware that the recipient relies and acts based on the information received from him/her. It is the duty of the maker of the statement to ensure that the information supplied is correct in order not to be liable for it. This special relationship was established in the case of David Walsh v. Jones Lang Lasalle Ltd [2007] IEHC 28. The Plaintiff claims for damages for compensation for the loss and damages he had sustained as a result of negligent and negligent misstatement from the defendant. The plaintiff purchased a property from a well known firm of auctioneer retained by the owner of the property. The plaintiff was given 23,057 square feet, as the total measurement of the floor. He did not to contact a private surveyor to measure the floor area in order to confirm if the measurement supplied by the defendant were accurate. He purchased the property for  £2, 34200 Irish pounds. The purchaser later find out t at the floor area was 1,817 square feet less than was given to him by the defendant. He took a legal action against defendant under negligent misstatement. Judge Quirke â€Å"Deals with this issue saying that the defendants failed to exercise requisite and approach standard of care which a purchaser is entitle to expect from a reputable auctioneer. Therefore is a breach in the duty of care†. Walsh v Jones Lasalle ltd case is quite similar to Cuddy v Wood Bell Camp. The plaintiff Mr Cuddy did not fully relies on the information given to him by Wood Bell Camp because he contacted a property surveyor to examined the property before he made up his mind to purchase the property. He made a loss on that property because the floor measurement is 30% lesser that what he was given to him by the auctioneers. Woods Bell Camp is liable of negligent misstatement by supplying an inaccurate calculation. In the case of Walsh v Jones Lasalle, the high court ruled that most auctioneers had some of form of disclaimer on their brochure â€Å"Judge Quirke explained that the disclaimer comprises of an effort to protect the agent form relatively minor errors. He said that he would expect their measurement to accurate which the purchaser can rely upon†. In this aspect of it, Wood Bell Camp has failed for their inaccurate measurement and the purchaser who relied on upon them had made a loss on his purchase. Judge Quirke If the defendant wished to reserve to itself the right to publish within its sales brochure, precise measurements which were in fact grossly inaccurate and, to relieved itself of liability to the category of persons to whom the brochure and its contents were directed, then there was an obligation upon the defendant to draw to the attention of the plaintiff and other prospective purchasers the fact that the seemingly precise measurements published were likely to be wholly unreliable and should not be relied upon in any circumstances. Satisfy themselves as to the correctness of the information given the defendant failed to discharge that obligation. (Walsh v Jones Lasalle ltd) Since woods Bell Camps had also failed to information the purchaser not rely on their measurement, they should also be held liable for the loss of the purchaser according to Judge Quirke in Walsh v Jones Lasalle Ltd case. Vicarious Liability Vicarious liability is a legal principle that transfers liability of an injury to a person who did not cause the injury, but who has specific relationship to a person who acted negligently. The owner of a vehicle is liable for the tort committed by his driver, an employer is held liable for his employees negligent act, while at work under the course of employment (this is during the working hour when an employer assigned an employee to specific task) any tort committed by the employees while doing the task is known as a tort committed during the course of employment. There is a special relationship that exists between the employer and the employee. Therefore Wood Bell Camp should be held liable under vicarious liability act for the tort committed by the Brody Shine, because he was employed by the company, who assigned him to sell the property purchased by Mr Cuddy. Defence consent and contributory negligence Consent refers to the provision of approval or disapproval, regarding a specific issue after much consideration, this is very important because it render contact lawfully. Although Wood Bell Camp was aware that Mr Cuddy has assigned a property surveyor to examined the property, but they were not aware that the surveyor were only relying on their own measurement instead of taking his own personal measurement of the property. Mr Cuddy also contributed to his own loss by failing to ensure that the property surveyor he had assigned to take the measurement of the property and compared it to the one supplied by Wood Bell Camp before purchasing the property. â€Å"the court ruled that the duty of care of which the plaintiff owes was to ensure that the measurement of the property which the defendant published of the sales brochure was is accurate before purchasing the property.† (In the case of Walsh v Jones lasalle ltd) Although David Walsh did not contacted a property surveyor to examine the property before he purchased it, Mr Cuddy did but only failed to ensure that the measurement are accurate this made him contributed to his own loss. If had he done his own measurement and bring it to the awareness of Wood Bell Camp, I am sure the price would have been reduced for him to suit the correct measurement. Another auctioneer would have been assigned by the company to retake the floor measurement and compared it to what Mr Cuddy property surveyor had provided. Bibliography Brian, Doolan (2011) Principle of Irish Law, Dublin, Gill and Macmillian Davenport, Ruth (2008) make that grade fundamentals of Irish law, Dublin, Gill and Macmillian Ursula, Connolly (2009) Round Hall nutshells Tort, Dublin, Thomson Reuters Electronic Source www.bailii.org. www.courtservice.ie [->0] – http://www.wikipedia.com

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 28

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International Finance Course project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Comparative Analysis of Prayer in Islam with Prayer in Christianity Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Prayer in Islam with Prayer in Christianity - Research Paper Example Comparative Analysis of Prayer in Islam with Prayer in Christianity It will analyze role and meaning of prayer in general as well as in each of two religions in particular. The first part of the paper will examine such prayer related themes as meaning of prayer in Islam: calling out of the muezzin: parts of the five time prayer; prayer in the Koran; the Fatiha – the main prayer of the Muslims. The second part of the paper will discuss prayer from Christian perspective: particularly prayer in Catholicism and ways of praying; Liturgy of the hours; prayer and the Scripture; the Lord’s Prayer – the main prayer of the Christians. Notion of pray is present almost in all religions which eve existed and still exist today. Prayer usually expresses such feelings as love and faith, respect, regret and sorrow, happiness and gratitude. Being one of the essential parts of spiritual practice, a prayer is utilized in worshiping God. However, prayer is different in different religions. There are various forms of prayer: spoken and written words, meditations, songs, etc. usually religious people call prayer a conversation with God. However, only religious people can understand all the nuances and meanings of the spiritual power of a prayer (Beasler 196). According to Mauss prayer is very ancient and unique religious phenomenon (p. 21). Role of prayer has always been complex and constantly changing. Both in Islam and in Christianity prayer place significant role, because is the first and the major means of communication or connection of the believer and God. II. Meaning of prayer 1. Prayer in Islam Holy prayer salat is one of the major pillars of Islam. Except prayer there are four other fundamentals of Islam such as almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), and personal declaration of faith to God and Mohammed (shahad) (Oh 38). Role of prayer in Islam cannot be underestimated. According to the teachings of the Muslims, the payer was mentioned by the Prophet Mohammed after his revelation about faith. Like Moses and Jesus taught about role of prayer and praying, Mohammed taught about praying Allah. One cannot be a Muslim without praying. It is obligation of every Muslim to pray God and Prophet in their remembrance, because prayer is act of confession of faith. Muslims deliver their prayer five times a day, so prayer is rather an act of worshiping: at daybreak, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening. Muhammad himself established the times for praying as well as ritual actions. In Muslim countries anyone can hear the call to pray of the muezzin. It serves as a calling out or a reminder to pray. Usually the muezzin delivers his calling out via a megaphone located on the top of a mosque’s minaret. So, the muezzin calls out: God is most great [Allahu Akbar], God is most great, God is most great, God is most great, I witness that there is no god but God [Allah]; I witness that there is no god but God. I witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. I witn ess that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Come to prayer; come to prayer! Come to prosperity; come to prosperity! God is most great. God is most great. There is no god but God (Esposito 18). People, who are at work or with family, busy or doing nothing, hear the reminder and know that it’s time to go to pray. No matter how busy a person is, they should go to the mosque and concentrate their mind on the pray to their God Allah. Even if there is no mosque nearby, a person can pray in

The Milgram Experiment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Milgram Experiment - Research Paper Example This research paper will concentrate on discussing the Milgram experiment, the method used in this experiment and the results of the experiment. Literature review Most people would answer no, when ordered by a person in authority to deliver an electrical shock of 400-volts to another person, but Stanley Milgram conducted obedience experiments that showed results which were surprising. Experiments like this offer a disturbing and powerful look in the power of obedience and authority. Shortly after the trial of Adolph Eichmann had begun who was a World War II criminal Milgram started his experiments. Adolph Eichmann’s defense roused Milgram’s interest when he said he was following instructions when he ordered millions of Jews to be killed. "Could it be true that Eichmann and his were just following orders accomplices during the Holocaust? Could we call them all accomplices?" (Milgram, 1974); this is the question Milgram posed in his book Obedience to Authority. The Milgra m Experiment method The Milgram experiment involved 40 participants who were men who were recruited in for exchange for $4.50 due to their participation. In this experiment, Milgram had to develop a shock generator that was intimidating. This shock generator had shock levels that started at 30-volts and had an increment of 15-volt up to 450-volts. Switches had terms labeled slight shock, moderate shock, severe shock and finally two switches that were labeled XXX. Each of the participants took the role of a teacher delivering a shock to a student each time there was a production of an incorrect answer. Participants in this case thought that they delivered ideal shocks to the respective student, while actually the student in the experiment was pretending to get a shock. The participant heard the learner plead for a release or complain of a heart condition as the experiment progressed. After reaching the 300-volts level, the learner had a demand to be released and banged on the wall. T he learner refused to answer and remained silent, refusing to answer more questions. Milgram, who was the experimenter, then gave instructions to the participant to deliver another shock when there is silence treating silence as a response that is incorrect. Most of these participants asked Milgram whether to continue delivering these shocks. Then Milgram issued a series of commands to determine what the participant would follow his orders. Milgram first commanded the participant to continue delivering shocks; he then commanded them that the experiment required that they continue delivering shocks. He then commanded them that it was essential that they continued delivering these shocks. Finally, he commanded them that they had no other choice but to continue delivering those shocks. In his book Obedience to Authority Milgram quotes that social psychology reveals a lesson that not what kind of person a man is, but the kind of a situation in which he can be, that determine the action of a person, (Milgram, 1974). Milgram Experiment results The measure of obedience was determined by the levels of shock that participants were willing to subject to the learner. Milgram once posed a question to a group of students at Yale University as to how far they thought most participants were willing to go. The prediction was that not more than 3 percent of the participan

Entreprenuership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Entreprenuership - Essay Example Similarly, customers are issued with â€Å"thank you† messages, letters and even phone calls. Therefore, this makes a person to feel valued and an important member of the business (Kivetz, Urminsky and Zheng, 2006). Also, such retail outlets provided an environment conducive to me, and this attracted my attention. The sales people were customer friendly and they always approach each and every customer with the right offer in a right way. However, Wal-Mart or Supervalu have the strategy of bringing back the â€Å"lost sheep†. These grocery retail outlets provided extraordinary customer services. All their products were delivered on time, and they ensure that they meet their deadline. The most important thing is that they deliver zero-defect product, and they also have an outstanding people who offer their services. They have complaints procedure whereby customers can place their dissatisfaction about the retail outlet. Additionally, after receiving complaints, they act on them promptly by issuing a letter of apology or call their customers, and also making follow-up actions. Lastly, the three retail outlets always respond to customers’ concern. For example, there was a time when the products from most groceries were too expensive to most customers. The real thing they did was to offer a discount. Therefore, such kind of services to customers made me pick Wal-Mart, Whole Foods and Supervalu over other groceries retail outlets. Kivetz, Ran, Oleg Urminsky, and Yuhuang Zheng. "The goal-gradient hypothesis resurrected: Purchase acceleration, illusionary goal progress, and customer retention." Journal of Marketing Research 43.1 (2006):

Social & Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social & Emotional Intelligence - Essay Example relationships with employees, helping them to maintain healthy interpersonal relationship with each other and this call for self-awareness and awareness of others. Self-awareness improves ones self-esteem and thus a weak SEI competency will translate to low self-esteem, and this will compromise the duties of the manager. Managers play the role of a leader and workers lookup to them for guidance and on issues such as solving disputes. Low self-awareness will distort one’s managerial skills (Sterrett 41). There is a need for self-evaluation to maintain self-awareness both on a social and emotional level to improve the SEI competency. Empathy plays a vital role when it comes to maintaining a good relation with others; working on the emphatic nature and communication skills will boost self-awareness competency. Gaining emotional intelligence by managing self will improve the relationship formed with others since one will know how to react with others. By improving self-awareness, and individual will be able to improve the relations with others, and the chances of conflicting will be minimal, which lead to to a good working environment for everyone (Hughes, Patterson and Terrell

What's a terpene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What's a terpene - Essay Example Terpene is usually built up from an isoprene which is a type of a hydrocarbon that has five carbon atoms which are attached to the eight hydrogen atoms with the formula C5 H8 (Stewart 258). Terpenes usually occur after a biological formation of a combination of two molecules of acetic acid and mevalonic acid (C6 H12 O4) which is converted to isopentenyl pyrophosphate that latter transforms to isopentenyl compound that leads to occurrence of terpenes and terpenoids (which are oxygenated derivatives of the hydrocarbons that make up the terpene). Terpenes that are considered to be the true ones are those that are grouped according to the number of isoprene units in the molecules which usually includes two units of monoterpenes (C10 H16), six units of triterpenes (C30 H48), three units of sesquiterpene (C15 H24), eight units of tetraterpenes (C40 H64) and four units of diterpenes (C20 H32). Terpenes are used to make turpentine (that comes from the name terpene) which has several monoterpenes, resin (consisting of rosin acid and diterpenes), and even steroids (which are made from conversion of triterpene squalene that is usually obtained in the liver oil of sharks). Since terpene (diterpenes, monoterpenes and even sesquterpenes) is a constituent of the essential oils that are in many plants and animals, it is used to make fragrances used in perfumes and even the natural food additives. Other examples of terpene in its different form other than those mentioned above include vitamin A, hops (used to make some brands of beer), contribute to making of insecticides and recent research by biochemists in Norwich, England discovered that terpene through its bioactive cyclic molecule iridoid is a building block to potential anticancer agents (monoterpene indole alkaloids). Since plants that produce terpenes are aromatic, they are used in cooking. Terpenes are also an important ingredient in making of medicine such as marinol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and

Abigail progressed Essay Example for Free

Abigail progressed Essay Abigail is the former mistress of John Proctor, and also the previous maid of the Proctor residence. Abigail is the niece of Revered Parris and attempted to practise witchcraft, only to be caught by her uncle. This lead to the arrival of several other characters to precede in the Salem witch trials, where Abigail and her friends act as witnesses. In the beginning of the play, she seems to be dishonest in admitting to witchcraft. When she talks to Parris, she attempts to use Tituba as a scapegoat. But we never conjured spirits She always sings her Barbados songs, and we dance. Abigail tells this to Parris to attempt to clear her name, as she and her friends are accused of witchcraft by the Reverend. She might be thinking that if she persuades her Uncle long enough, the civil blood between the two would make Parris believe that she is innocent, yet Parris is already concerned over the reputation she is getting from a remark that Elizabeth had supposedly made. she comes so rarely to church this year for she will not sit so close to something soiled This has one of the biggest in the opening Act as this sends a message to the audience of what Abigails character is based around, and what she is truly like. In my opinion, Miller describes Abigails character in this manner as he is trying to contrast her character with that of Elizabeth, in the sense of honesty, as how Elizabeth is described in a later discussion between Proctor and Danforth. Abigail is shown to be a sweet young woman, caring for her relatives. This is shown in the book, which would make you believe that she is innocent. However, in the film of The Crucible, Abigail is shown dancing at the beginning of the first segment. This changes your perspective of the character Abigail, due to the relatively bad thing she is performing, which back in those days and what many people believe even now to be a sin. In her life sir, she never lied my wife cannot lie Therefore Abigail is said to lie a great deal, whilst Elizabeth hardly ever lies. Abigail is quick to change her attitude to the girls, intimidating them into a worrisome state. She speaks to her so called friends about the consequences of telling of the witchery they attempted to perform. She uses a natural power she has to strike terror in the hearts of her friends. She also shows how maniacal and ruthless she can be. Let either of you breathe a word and I will come in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. Abigail says this to her group of girls as she aims to strike fear in the eye of her followers, stating that if they were to betray her, she would come back and haunt them. And as she explains how she has seen murders occur before her very own eyes, she exclaims she is able to murder any victim she desires. This affects the audience, as in the beginning of the play, they observe a sweet, young lady transform so quickly into this vicious, desperate girl. I think Miller quickly turns Abigail into this enraged character as now the audience can see just how she really acts, behind the faces of her elders. He is successful in doing this as just a few minutes in the plays time before this, as she talks to Parris; she seems to be trying to show Parris of how considerate she is of his feelings by asking him to rest. Uncle, youve prayed since midnight. Why do you not go down and - He shows her speaking with Parris in a manor which a child would talk to their own parents, contrasting the way she talks to her friends, which I think in her opinion is people who she has power over. Miller attempts to show a classic stereotype of a distressed person in a forlorn situation when she is seen talking to her friends. Abigail does have a soft spot in her heart for one person John Proctor. We, the audience hear that John and Abigail have had an affair. In Proctors mind, it is now clearly over between them. Ill not be comin for you no more But Abigail does not see their relationship this way, and thinks that they should be together. Give me a word, John. A soft word. She says this to entice him towards her, in a manner of flirtation. This affects the audience by letting them know who the one man Abigail is in love with is, and how she is willing to re-kindle her relationship with Proctor, even if it means to make Elizabeth a divorcee. I think Miller writes about Abigail in this way to show the audience just how her character resembles that of a stereotype of a young, spoilt girl who will do anything to get what she wants, but never what she deserves. Abigail becomes quick to hand the blame of practising witchcraft over to Tituba, whilst she and her friends knew that it was her lead the witchery into the stage of being worshippers of Lucifer. When Hale and Parris came to confront Abigail about the witchery, the pressure became too much for her, and blurted out the only persons name she thought she could get away with. Did you call the Devil last night? I never called him! Tituba Tituba Hale and Parris are quick to believe the story of Abigail, calling for the presence of Tituba. But at the same they time, they do begin to fear the safety of Abigail from the Devil. Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? I never sold myself! Im a good girl! Im a proper girl! She probably done this to show all of her elders that she is a good Christian girl, and lied to protect herself from a punishment and to also save her Uncles reputation as the towns Reverend. This shows just how ruthless Abigail can be, and to what lengths she would go to bring her own happiness, even if it meant causing pain and suffering to others. I think Miller done this to be constant in Abigails character, showing she can be deceiving and sly. This also shows throughout Act 1, Abigail has maintained a constant character. In the duration of Act Two, Abigail didnt make an appearance, but she was, however, talked about a lot by the other characters, especially by the Proctors. It also appears that she tried to frame Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft, by cleverly, yet deceivingly sticking a needle into her in the same position a needle was in Elizabeths doll, acting as if Elizabeths poppet was a voodoo doll. But this incident isnt seen, but only talked about by Cheever to Hale, Proctor and Elizabeth.

The Life of William Carey

The Life of William Carey Introduction – brief life history This essay aims to explore and discuss the life of the renowned theologian and religious missionary William Carey. Carey is one of the most important missionary figures of the 18th and 19th century thanks to his work in areas such as India. The aim of the essay it briefly outline Carey’s life, and to look at the theological marks he made. There will be an emphasis on the gifts and fruit of the Holy Spirit that Carey received in his life, as well as the positive and negative lessons he learned throughout his mission. This will be concluded by looking at how these factors can influence our life and ministry today. Firstly, there will be a brief outline of Carey’s life. Carey was born in 1761 in Paulersbury, Northamptonshire on the 7th of August. This boy grey up to be known as the father of modern missions, and devoted his entire life to the service of God.[1] During this early life Carey earned a living as a cobbler, but was eventually converted at the age of 18 due to his love of the New Testament. Carey was eventually ordained in 1787 and was renowned for his linguistic talents – he was able to speak French, Hebrew, Italian and Dutch. Soon Carey realized his desire to become a missionary and teach the gospel to the ‘heathen’ in other countries. With his wife Dorothy Plackett whom he married in 1781 and his four children, Carey set sail for India in 1793. Carey’s early years in India were extremely tough, particularly after he was left by his associate John Thomas. Carey was in a society and culture he didn’t know, moving about from place to place. His family became ill and eventually one of his children died. Despite this, his aim in India was to preach his ‘Deathless Sermon’ as outlined in his 1792 book ‘The Enquiry’. Although times continued to be extremely hard for Carey in this harsh environment, he achieved much during his forty years in India. He is praised for his translations of the Bible and other scriptures into languages such as Bengali and Sanskrit, amongst forty other languages. His translations have helped Christianity to spread into far-reaching areas across the world.[2] Carey’s missionary work was based on his book ‘The Enquiry’, but also left a lasting impression the form of the gifts and fruits of the Holy Spirit, as well as the lessons he learned in his forty years in India. The rest of this essay will look at these issues, to help try and understand what Carey’s work has brought to Christian life and ministry in the modern world. Gifts of the Holy Spirit in his life As Carey himself pointed out, the gifts of the Holy Spirit given to a person must not be used to ‘magnify’ the one you has them, but to glorify Jesus and put forth his message within the world. As supposed ‘gifts’ from the Holy Spirit, William Carey was blessed with an astounding aptitude for languages. This was his primary gift of the Holy Spirit that allowed him to fulfill his calling as a missionary.[3] This gift is often known as the ‘gift of tongues’, and allowed Carey to translate the Bible into a huge variety of languages, reaching an audience that had never previously had the opportunity to fully understand the Bible. [4] It was in 1799 that this gift came to the fore, when Carey was invited to locate to a Danish settlement near Calcutta. He was legally allowed to preach here and in the British-controlled areas of India, making his work legal for the first time. It was during this time that Carey converted his first Indians, baptizing Krishna Pal in 1800, as well as publishing his Bengali New Testament. Not only did this signify the beginning of the massive translation of the Bible into many languages, but also laid the basis for the Bengali language which had previously been seen as somewhat of an unsettled language. Another of his gifts was the ability to preach the mission within India, and therefore bring about social reform, which will be mentioned more in the fruits of the Holy Spirit section. Carey’s gift of preaching came from his book ‘The Enquiry’, which allowed him to bring sinners towards Christ and identify with non-believers so that they may be converted to the mission.[5] Although much of this language used such as ‘heathens’ may seem politically incorrect now, during these times Carey was helping to change and expand the Christian world like almost no-one else had for hundreds of years. Carey was obsessed with reaching out to those who seemed unreachable, and his sermons reflected this. His book is a hugely valuable tool and is still used by many missionaries today to guide their work in foreign lands. His ability to support himself through the toughest of times and to contextualize himself to alien situations meant that Carey was able to spread the word of God everywhere to all people, using his gift of tongues to further understanding.[6] Carey was also adamant that training locals to help teach the Gospel and setting up schools was vital to help educate and promote his missionary work throughout India and other lands. Once the locals could teach other locals and all could read for themselves, the task of conversion and salvation would be made all the more easy. These are the gifts that Carey used to become a renowned missionary. The next section will look at how these gifts produced the fruits of the Holy Spirit that would carry his work forward. Fruit of the Holy Spirit in his life Carey’s gifts of the Holy Spirit brought about fruitful results, often referred to as the ‘Fruits of the Holy Spirit’. Of course, one of the greatest fruits of Carey’s gifts is the creation of his book ‘The Enquiry’. Also, his translation of the Bible into over forty languages is one of the greatest triumphs and achievements of any missionary throughout Christian history. It is only through his passion for theology and his gift of tongues that Carey was able to complete this. However, the fruits of the Holy Spirit in Carey’s life went beyond the published works he created and translation to move towards social reform within India. He could not have achieved such rates of conversion hundreds of millions in India – unless he had put in place a social and educational network to be able to sustain and support the conversion. His plans were extremely well thought out, and he works on his missiology well before he even came to India. It is this planned infrastructure that was one of the biggest successes of his missionary work. Not only this, but Carey, helped to rid India of a number of barbaric practices including child marriage, and re-established order in the country. When he arrived three fifths of India was wild jungle, and massive financial problems. Carey brought good to the misfortunate in India, and struggled against the hatred of women and child marriage. His efforts paid off and the teachings he passed on meant that many of these practices were outlawed over the next 100 years. He helped to prevent human sacrifices and helped many children, orphans and widows to create new and fulfilling lives.[7] Carey’s fruits of the Holy Spirit were also in a literal form, as he had a great interest in botany and plant cultivation. He helped to found the Agri-Horticultural Society of India in the 1820’s, and wrote many of the earliest essays on forest management and plant conservation. Carey also helped to introduce cultivation of coffee and gave prizes for the best cultivators and growers. He introduced European fruits to the region, and created better conditions and methods for growing indigenous fruits. His own garden was renowned for its beauty and quality, and sometimes he even neglected spending time with his children in favour of tending his wonderful garden, such was his passion for the subject.[8] After all these great gifts and the fruits of his labour, William Carey learned much about life, both in a positive and negative sense. The next section will look at the lessons he learned throughout his life. Positive and Negative lessons learned in his life Although Carey was praised for his missionary work, he clearly learned that the price to pay for this was a lack of time and commitment for his wife and children. Many people commented that his children seemed highly neglected, and were wild and undisciplined. His family accompanied him during these harsh times, and this eventually led to the death of his son Peter through ill health. His wife became insane after this and even tried to kill him, and it was somewhat of a relief when she eventually passed.[9] Carey also had great troubles with communication, and despite being poor was seen by the Missionary Society as being money hungry. Therefore, his relations with them diminished. Carey also learnt that not every missionary is a good one, after his abandonment by Thomas. Thomas was a suspect character but Carey had no choice but to trust him. However, he eventually took off with the money given to them for missionary work, leaving Carey in a horrible situation that would take him many years to financially recover from. Despite this, Carey learnt that the best way to live his life and be successful in his mission was to never stop evangelizing. He never lost sight of his target to win souls and convert people, which he did with remarkable success. Also, Carey learned that he must trust in God fully in all situations, and this was evident during the hard times after Thomas’ abandonment and the eventual death of his son and insanity of his wife. Carey trusted in God to see him thro ugh this period, and eventually things did get better for him. The most positive message of Carey’s life is to trust in God and also to continually read the scripture to gain knowledge. Carey always continued to study and learn throughout his life, which helped in his quest to encourage others to do the same. The last section of this essay will examine how his achievements can be used in mission work today. Conclusion Application of his life, gifts and lessons learned to our life and ministry Carey came from an unremarkable and humble background, but he became a remarkable man. His gift of tongues meant that he produced some of the most significant and widespread translations of the Bible ever seen, as well as helping to formalize the language of Bengali in India. This gift combined with his scholarly works and absolute devotion to God meant that he was hugely productive in converting souls and changing attitudes and laws in India during his 40 years there. Carey can be particularly praised for his commitment to literacy and education, which should be at the forefront of any modern mission in the developing world. By creating schools and improving literacy Carey not only provided a better future for many people in India, but he also made it easier to put his message across by allowing people to read his translated Bible works.[10] His other works on cultivation and agriculture are also significant, not to mention the fact he introduced the steam engine to India as well as other new technologies of the time. Carey was all-round innovator who was devoted to his work, which is certainly a lesson that the modern mission should take to heart. As put by J.D. Freeman, the church: †¦Owes more to William Carey and his mission than to any other man or movement since the days of Paul. He gave her a new horizon, kindled within her a new life and soul. Upon the trellis of the Mission Enterprise, the Churchs vine has run over the wall. It has given her a southern exposure, through which she has felt at her heart the thrill of a new vitality, while bearing on her outmost branches a burden of precious fruit for the vintage of the skies.[11] Overall, the main message to take from William Carey’s life is that the modern mission should be prepared for hard times, but should not waver from its mission. The importance of education and understanding the issues within the foreign environment are crucial, as are an unwavering devotion to God and scripture. Whilst not everyone will have the linguistic or scholarly gifts of Carey, devotion and the desire to reach out to the troubled and poor in other countries through education and understanding is crucial to successful Christian missionary work in the modern world. Bibliography Alban, D, Woods, R H and Daigle-Williamson, M (2005) The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age. Mission Studies, 22(1), pp. 85-113. Baxter, J (2003) Gifts of the Spirit, Kregel Publications. Carey, E and Chaplin, J (1837) Memoir of William Carey, D, D.: Late Missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcultta, Canfield and Robins, 1837, digitized 11 Jun 2007. Carey, W (2004) An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, Kessinger Publishing. Farwell, M E (1888) The Life of William Carey, Chicago: Womens Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest. Harrison, E M (1954) Giants of the Missionary Trail William Carey: The Cobbler Who Turned Discoverer, Fairfax Baptist Temple. Excerpts available at: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/giants/biocarey2.html McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html Parker, A K (1914) A Conversation That Might Have Occurred between Dr. William Carey and the Rev. Adoniram Judson, Serampore, India, September, 1812. The Biblical World, 43(5), pp. 305-30. Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 Smith, G (1922) The Life of William Carey, London: J.M Dent and Sons. 1 [1] Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 [2] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [3] Baxter, J (2003) Gifts of the Spirit, Kregel Publications, pp. 76-77 [4] Smith, G (1922) The Life of William Carey, London: J.M Dent and Sons, chapter 1. [5] Carey, W (2004) An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, Kessinger Publishing. [6] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [7] Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 [8] Farwell, M E (1888) The Life of William Carey, Chicago: Womens Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest, pp. 58-61. [9] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [10] Alban, D, Woods, R H and Daigle-Williamson, M (2005) The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age. Mission Studies, 22(1), pp. 108-112 [11] Harrison, E M (1954) Giants of the Missionary Trail William Carey: The Cobbler Who Turned Discoverer, Fairfax Baptist Temple. Excerpts available at: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/giants/biocarey2.html

Spanish as a Second Languge :: essays research papers

Spanish As a Second Languge In recent years, the total population of Spanish speakers in the US has doubled. According to Census 2001 of the estimated 284 million residents in the USA, 36 million are of Hispanic origin, Five million more than the entire population of Canada. In 1960 people of Hispanic origin only equaled 6% of the US population. Since increased to 13%. 332 million people in the world speak Spanish. Second to Chinese Mandarin: 885 million. The continual growth of the Hispanic population increases everyday, but the number of Americans not of Hispanic descent who speak Spanish fluently, is a mere 3%, according to studies done by Florida State University, Relevant because of area of high Hispanic concentration. Spanish should be required to be taken as a second language in grades K-9. American students should be required to speak Spanish fluently upon completion of their 8th grade year. Other societies such as Pakistan, Japan, and China can demonstrate proficiency in 3 or 4 languages by middle school years. "A child taught a second language after the age of 10 or so is unlikely ever to speak it like a native," said a February 1996 Newsweek article. Through extensive research it has been proven that the earlier a child is introduced to a second language the greater the chances are that this child will master both languages. A number of experts attribute this mastery to physiological changes that occur in the maturing brain as a child enters puberty. Picture yourself as a fluent Spanish speaking American. Able to communicate with others. Eliminate stereotypes; talking about me, plotting something.

The Day Elvis Almost Died :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Day Elvis Almost Died I was riding in the backseat of my parents' red Cutlass on a warm fall day in 1984. My only entertainment was listening to the sucking sound the back of my thigh made when I lifted it off the sticky vinyl seat. I remember seeing patchwork fields of rainbow-colored leaves resting on the yellow grass, wishing that I could rake them into big piles, so I could run through them, scattering them across the field again. I rolled the dusty window down to get a better look at the pastures as the hard wind rushed in over my face and through my hair. I stuck my head through the window and opened my mouth, so my cheeks would puff out like Dizzy Gillespie's when he played his trumpet. Slowly, my cheeks began to deflate, and the wind softened as my dad braked the car to turn into the driveway of my grandparents' home, the location of our annual May family picnic. My whole family had already arrived when we showed up. All my uncles immediately bombarded the car, playfully snickering with my dad about always being late so he would not have to help them cook. My Papa Joe, with his Afro of white hair, and my Grandma Lee Lee, who limped like a peg-legged pirate because one leg was shorter than the other, were sitting in lounge chairs talking about how much I had grown. My Uncle Kelly, whose left arm was shot off by his ex-wife during an argument, was walking around, complaining about how he was going to starve if he didn't eat soon. My Aunt Rosie, who always wore a tiny pair of rose earrings and kept a wad of chewing tobacco in her mouth, talked with my mom between spits of brown, runny liquid directed into her plastic cup. Including my cousins and a few distant relatives, approximately twenty-five people were there talking, laughing, and mingling. And there I was, all alone in the land of giants with only my cowgirl Barbie to protect me. I felt like a guppy trying to swim upstream with a school of trout. Even though we had only been there for five minutes, finding my dad and leaving were my priorities.

Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers

DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment. Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment.

Blood Covenant Essay

This book, which is actually two books in one, has two main parts. Book one which covers from page 21 to page 200 is about Michael Franzese’s life before his conversion to Christianity. In the first paragraph of the book, which is in page 22 of the book, the author says â€Å"To understand me and the path I took in life, it is necessary to first understand my father, mob enforcer John Franzese†¦Ã¢â‚¬  then follows a long story of his father better known as Sonny and his exploits around about 1960s, this first book on franzese’s life as a Mafia leader sets the stage for the second part of the book titled book 2 which is carries the title The New Life in Christ. The book also has a brief photo insert between the two main parts of the book. After the epilogue of the book, there is a small section written by Camille Garcia, Franzese’s wife, which is thereafter followed by afterword then appendix. 2. Express ideas in your own words. Utilize book content, which will support your ideas and conclusions. While it remains a fact that there are some serious holes with the book in that some of the events cannot be pinpointed in a timeline map, there are still some considerations and positive points about he book. Part two of the book basically outlines the Christian life that Franzese lives and other motivational stuff like how to avoid the mafia and so on. 3. Do you as the reader accept or reject the author’s argument? Do they make sense? Do you feel they are accurate or valid? Are they logical? Does the author convey himself as being credible to the reader? I accept the author’s arguments. Even though some of the details are not clear and may need validation, there is a truth to the facts and feelings of Franzese. It has been said that this book, Franzese’s second, is the rendition of the first, called Quitting the Mob which was published in 1992, with some few addition of words. The various issues that raise the issue of credibility to the readers are that since he stole hundreds of millions of dollars. What happened to this money, did the mob get it? Why has the mob never come after him even after testifying to the grand jury? These are some of the questions that are left hanging leaving the reader thinking seriously about the credibility of the story. 4. Has the author included all the important variables or factors in his analysis? For example, are there any inconsistencies or contradictions in his arguments? If so, what are they? No. the author has failed in a number of ways. Some of the information that is provided by Franzese is either in the public domain or cannot be independently verified. His claim that he had met by his own admission, stole hundreds of millions of dollars don’t answer some primary questions like: what happened to the money? How come the mob never came after him after he testified in front of the grand jury? How did he break parole and many other questions? 5. To what extent if any is Franzese different from Sammy `the Bull` Gravano? What are their similarities? Did you find on individual more believable that the other? Why? While Franzese turned to a Christian and totally ignored the Colombo family to which he had swore an oath to, Sammy turned to be a CIA informer on the activities of the Gambinos. He had a plastic surgery to hide from the mob but continued to live a life of abandon and violence after leaving the US witness Protection Programme. While Franzese changed because of the girl he met, Sammy changed to be an informer because his then boss, John Gotti, wanted to alienate him so that Sammy could be seen as the mad one after their arrest. Franzese and Sammy are similar in that they have both written books on their lives with the mafia. Franzese has written two books, Quitting the Mob and Blood Covenant while Sammy wrote a book called Underboss. They are also recorded as the first top ranking members of the mafia who turned on their oath, Franzese to Christianity and Sammy to a Spy. Finally both of them have been invited for public lectures and motivational talks. Sammy’s story is believable and reliable since it can be backed by other sources like the CIA; this is not the case with Franzese’s story. 6. Given what you have learned about Organized crime were you convinced of the author’s contentions? If not, what evidence would need to be presented to be convinced? There need to be somebody who can verify the stories given Franzese. His public talks and lectures make it necessary for people to really understand what made him do the things he did. 7. What did you find most valuable and least valuable of the information presented by the author? This story gives a not-so-detailed account of the Franzese life with the Mafia. Some of the details provided are a little hazy and difficult to verify, if not outright absurd. When he claims for example that he says that he made a lot of money and that he had connections with other mafia bosses like Jon Gotti, , Don King, Reverand Al Sharpton and others but doesn’t reveal anything he public domain about them make a person somewhat disappointed. 8. The outcome for both Gravano and Franzese are very different. What factors and theoretical perspectives can account for this? While Franzese claims that it was due to the influence of his wife that he left the life of being a mafia, Sammy turned to be an informer when he realized that the then boss, john Gotti, was bent on portraying him as mad and a cold blood killer. This made him to turn into a state witness against the john Gotti. References Franzese Michael. Blood Covenant. Chicago: Whitaker House, 2003

History of Optometry Essay

Optometrist is the kind of doctor who makes sure that a person’s eyesight is functioning well and that there are no harmful diseases slowly emerging that may later on affect the sight of a person. They are in charge examining a patient’s eyes and gives prescription if it is needed. Like any other healthcare profession, an optometrist should and must have a certification which is a basic requirement before they practice their profession. Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system. (World Council of Optometry) However, there is a little knowledge about optometry and the emergence of optometrists. It is always associated with medicine, microbiology and physiology to name a few. There is no exact date or specific person who explored on the topic. But in 1886, the term ‘optometrist’ was coined by Landolt which means, â€Å"Glass fitter† or someone who makes and prescribe eyeglasses. Prior to this, there are already persons who call themselves ‘opticians’. Prior to this, there was a distinction between â€Å"dispensing† and â€Å"refracting† opticians in the 19th century. The latter were later called optometrists. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) Before, the opticians are those who make glasses for a person but do not exactly know if that pair of glasses will fit the person or not. Or if that pair is the one that will help a person correct his eyesight. More, in the United States, the first school of optometry was founded sometime 1850-1900. Also, in 1940, the use of contact lenses was first established. The development of optometry in the US started way back 1600’s, where the first person to own glasses, Peter Brown who is a Pilgrim introduced the use of such device during the time when there are only a handful of people who knew about the said product. It is said that Peter Brown, a Pilgrim, brought a pair of eyeglasses to North America in 1620 and thus became the first to wear glasses on this continent. There is little known about the use of spectacles in North America for more than another hundred years. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) At the onset of the 17th century, there were a number of American optometrists who came to the country to practice the profession. And since the Spectacles then were very expensive, this group of optometrists introduced better and more correct glasses that should be used by the people. Other notable early American optometrists were Benjamin Pike, who came to the US in the early 1800s, and James Prentice, who came to the US in 1847. They both were trained in optics in England, and they both trained their sons. James’ son, Charles Prentice, would have an important role in the development of American optometry. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) On the other hand, not all diseases that concern the eye can be cured by an optometrist. Eyesight disease such as macular degeneration or the breakdown of a certain part of the retina to be able to see things clearly, cannot be treated by an optometrist. Rather, the ophthalmologist is the one responsible for its cure. Another is the Diabetic Retinopathy which is sometimes an indication for having diabetes. It is a kind of illness where the retina is being blocked by masses of blood clots that cause irregularities in a person’s eyesight. The most well-known disease that concerns the eye is the cataract – which the optometrist cannot cure as well. It is the work of the ophthalmologist to perform. They are the ones who prescribe supplements, vitamins and other needed medication to the patient. Sometimes, they also perform the surgery to remove the cataract. Among the many diseases that concern the eye, these are the few which is directly handled not by an optometrist but an ophthalmologist. Other diseases such as glaucoma, near/far sightedness can be treated by either an ophthalmologist or an optometrist.

Forming habits to prevent obesity

Forming habits to prevent obesity â€Å"Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with at least 2. 8 million people dying each year as a result of being overweight or obese† (10 Facts). They have tried to classify obesity as disease for a long time. The American Medical Association recently declared and classified obesity as a disease. Obesity puts you at a high risk for many diseases. Bad habits are the main cause of obesity. You have to improve your nutritional and physical habits to prevent obesity.You are more likely to live a healthy adulthood if you eat right and stay in shape. Obesity is an issue that our society faces. Developing healthy habits as children, teenagers, or even in our early adulthood could help us prevent obesity. Not being involved in physical activities and not eating right causes obesity. The conclusion from a research made by The World Health Organization was â€Å"The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Canadian youth are high.Th e results suggest that physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors are strongly related to obesity in Canadian adolescents† Oanssen). If we don't take care of our bodies this could be harmful, as we get older. Depression is a mental disorder that could be lethal, â€Å"More han 90 percent of people who commit suicide have a diagnosable mental disorder – most commonly a depressive disorder or a substance abuse disorder. † (Depression). The statistics of suicides caused by obesity are alarming; this makes obesity a major issue that we need to take care of.Depressed people tend to eat more too making it hard for them to stay healthy. Depression can also make you feel isolated by society. These kinds of thoughts are very common among obese teenagers. Being active can help with depression and also fghts obesity, this is why developing active habits is important. Parents play big role in helping their children to develop these habits. A healthy environment at home wher e the kids are able to get the right nutrition and where they can practice physical activities constantly helps to prevent obesity.A study conducted by the Centre for Community Child Health (CCCH) at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, and the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, concluded that † A large cross section of Australian preschoolers has, for the first time, suggested that fathers could be at the frontline in preventing early childhood obesity. Mothers are ften blamed for their children's obesity, but this study suggests that for more effective prevention, perhaps we should focus on the whole family. (Preidt) It makes a significant difference if the parents take care of their child's nutrition. Most of the time we can find food ads on television or the Internet and we see different kinds of unhealthy foods such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Dominos Pizza. These ads make us want to eat these kinds of foods. Kids like fast food and if their parents prevent th em from eating a lot of fast food this will help them develop a habit of eating in a healthier way.Parents are responsible for feeding their children correctly. Research conducted by the Institute for Global Health and The Sydney University concluded that. â€Å"An environment that bombards us trom dawn until d with recommendations to eat and drink unhealthy foods is what makes us obese†. (Neal) Parents should embrace physical activities for their children. Television viewing time appears to be an important indicator of a range of lifestyle behaviors likely to promote obesity over time.A study that was conducted on whether television affects obesity or not concluded this; â€Å"The results of this randomized, controlled trial provide vidence that television viewing is a cause of increased body fatness and that reducing television viewing is a promising strategy for preventing obesity' (Robinson). Based on this information we could say that television is a bad habit, because decreasing television in your routine is beneficial for you and it helps you prevent obesity. A high level of physical activity helps you to lose calories and if you do so regularly you can prevent obesity.Some people argue that parents are really not important to obesity. They think that even if the parents embrace a healthy lifestyle, that in some cases obesity is a enetic problem and you cannot prevent it. Genetics play a big role in obesity but even the people that are genetically most likely to become obese, when they have the right habits, do not become obese. The easiest way to form and change these habits is when we are children and that is why our parents are so influential. The physical habits that we create help us fght obesity and stay in shape; people normally develop these habits when are kids or when they are teenagers.Katherine Tallmadge talks in her book â€Å"Diet Simple: 195 Mental Tricks, Substitutions, Habits & Inspirations Simple† about how small changes have been responsible for amazing mprovement in the health of children. Just adding fruits or vegetables at each meal or 1 5 extra minutes of daily exercise helps to avoid obesity. (Tallmadge) Schools have implemented some nutritional programs that have successfully formed healthy habits in their participants; this helps to prevent obesity. Schools give healthy choices during lunch and breaks so kids have the chance to eat healthy and stay in shape. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education recommends 1 50 minutes a week of PE for elementary school children and 225 minutes a week for middle and secondary-school children† (Story). These programs have been successful in the schools that have implemented them. Extracurricular activities such as sports are also very effective in helping to develop these habits that we need to stay fit. Interscholastic sports programs, intramural activities, and physical activity clubs also keep children active in school.Intramural sports and clubs offer students with a wide range of opportunities to engage in physical activity. It is proven that children who engage in these activities are more likely to be active adults and stay in shape. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends hat children and adolescents should engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity daily. A 2009 survey found that only 18 percent of high school students adhered to this recommendation, while only 33 percent attended physical education class each day. (2008 Physical) For adults it is harder to create new habits and change old ones.I strongly recommend that adults seek professional help. There are nutritionists and professional trainers who can help you improve your lifestyle, helping you tight obesity They know the way that the body works so they can advise you in what to do. Besides fghting obesity they can also help you by encouraging you to get in the shape that you desire. After this process you will have this knowledge that you can continue to implement in your lifestyle. Some people argue that they don't exercise or that they know people who do not exercise and are still not obese.People that have a fast metabolism find it really hard to gain weight but even if they are not obese they are still unhealthy if they do not exercise and if they eat poorly. Looking back we see some clear points about how we need and how could prevent obesity. We need to prevent obesity because it could cause some other high-risk isease and eventually death. By having a good plan of nutrition and a good exercise plan we are going to develop good habits that are going to help us prevent obesity; is even better if we develop them when we are very young.

Greek Mythology and Gods Essay

What is mythology, The mythology is what man kind tries of findings and explanation of nature and all sort of universal actions such as thunders, earth quakes, winds, stars, darkness, seasons etc. The differences of Greek mythology the Greek mythology is more like human based. They were using human forms for their gods appearance instead of unusual creators in Egyptian mythology. Although only in Greek mythology the universe did create the gods not the gods created the universe. Also the Greek mythology doesn’t set on fear. Human should have no fear of creators or devils or giants what so ever. Because all those evil creators killed by heroes and gods and made world clear for human to live. The reason of mythology and using subject To control the natural phenomena To bind the clans, tribes, or nation together To record historical events To give basic geographic information To set examples for peoples behaviour To justify a social structure Greek mythology does not tell us about early man kind but tell us about early Greek life First event of Greek mythology is Iliad by Homer. He lived 1000 BC. And the Iliad contains earliest Greek literature. Classic Greek mythology was not interested with astrology Priest was not important at all. Even the poets was more important than the priest. One story in Odyssey the hero spares the poet but kills the priest. The Greek mythology set literature of Europe and democracy and science Greek mythology was not a place for terror for human. The Greek mythologists transformed a world from full of fear to full of beauty Greek mythology nothing to do with religion. It all about how world an universe become in existence As example the reason of volcano erupts are imprisoned terrible creator. Other example Zeus hurls his thunder bolt when he gets angry. The Greek gods lived in Olympus which is high mountain in Greece. Although they lived like human but they were mortal and they could do more than what human could. They eat, they trick another, they drink, been in affair as human do Greek could have fun with the stories about their gods THE TITANS AND GREAT OLYMPIANS The titans also called elderly gods. There were many of them but only few of them appears on stories of mythology. At the beginning there was only chaos, then erebus appeared. Then some how love born and brought the stars in order. Once there was a light and day. After light and day Gaea ( appeared ) then erebus slept with night who gave a birth to daily earthly light. and the earth gave a birth to Uranus. Then they create the 3 Cyclopes and hecatocheries 8hundred hands fifty heads ) and twelve titans. And Gaea mother earth and coronus set a trick to Uranus coronus chopped has father Uranus’s penis with Stone sickle. and Uranus’s blood fell into ocean and became giants, from his genitals that fell into sea Aphrodite occurred. Coronus became the next ruler and he imprisoned the Cyclopes with hundred hands. But with the curse of his father Uranus, he was destined to loose against his son Zeus. The names of twelve titans Coronus Rhea Oceans Tethys Hyperion Theia Mnemosyne. Themis Coues Phoebe Crius Iapetus (Atlas ) THE GODS ZEUS. Became supreme ruler by fighting against his father Coronus and the titans. He was lord of the sky. That means if you can control sky you can control whole world as well. He was more powerful than all divinities together. He was represented as a man always falls in love with a woman after another. also he was acting as normal man would, like hiding his affairs from his wife, which is from hear. And his behaviour also caused many disasters for human kind. His bird was Eagle His tree was Oak His oracle was Dodona He was responsible for the justice, his power was controlling the nature. His most powerful weapon was the thunderbolt. For that reason he was the most feared god in Greece. first information was written by Hesiod Deep note, Zeus had same prophecy as coronus had so he swallowed Metis his wife to stop it. HERA. Zeus’s sister and his wife. She was the goddess of marriage. Also protector of heroes. Hera’s daughter was helping the women who gives birth. She was very jealous also her jealousy and anger cause Trojan war. Her favourite city was Argos. Cow and peacock was sacred to her. POSEIDON. the ruler of the sea. and second highest god after Zeus. He was also very important for Greeks. He had a golden car. he was commonly called the earth shaker. Bulls and horses were his animals. HADES. He was ruling the underworld. Also he was the ruler of death but he wasn’t dead. He was god of wealth too. He was controlling precious metals. He could be invisible with his Helmut. He was not an evil god. PALLAS ATHENA ( MINERVA ) she was the daughter of Zeus. She sprang from Zeus’s forehead. She was a battle goddess. Zeus trusted her because she had no mother. That’s why she could have Zeus’s awful aegis and his thunderbolt. She was defending home, civilised life, handcrafts and agriculture. Her tree was olive ( olive tree was created by her) her city was Athena her bird was owl PHOEBUS means brilliant or shining ( APOLLO ) son of Zeus born in Delos. He called the most Greek. Because he had beautiful figure, he was god of truth, the master musician, he played golden lyre, healer,. Basically he had most pretty and ethically good features that every one would like to be, so Greeks called him with that name to honour themselves. He was also called wolf god. Apollo’s oracle played very important place in the stories because of always truth words were coming from them. Castalia was his sacred place, chephisus was his river. His tree was laurel his sacred animals cow and dolphin but also many creatures. ARTEMIS (Diana ) also called Cynthia. twin sister of Apollo. She was one of the maiden goddess, she was the lady of wild things. She was the protector of youth, she was the moon in the sky that’s why she used to call Selene ( Luna ), on earth she was Artemis, goddess of the dark and she had evil magic and she was an awful divinity. APHRODITE (Venus) the goddess of love and beauty, she was the wife of Vulcan. Myrtle was her tree the dove was her bird, the sparrow and swan too, she married with Zeus’s force. Cyprus was her sacred place, that’s why she called Cyprian or Cythera as well. Her absence would cause no love or no joy. Rose also was her flower. She had a deadly and destructive power over men. HERMES he was the Messenger of Zeus. He had wings on his sandals and crown. Because he was so fast that’s why he was the Messenger and master thief too. His first thievery was the day the day he born. He stole Apollo’s lyre. He appears in stories more than any other gods and goddesses its because of his duty as a Messenger of gods. he was the god of commerce and protector of traders. ARES is the god of war. Homer calls him murderous, blood stained curse of mortal he was coward because he would have run away when he wounded. He was the lover of Aphrodite in one story. He was not important god as Apollo or Hera. His bird was vulture. He has no cities. HEPHAUSTUS the god of fire also he was the god of smith and he was doing furniture’s and weapons in his work shop. he was kind peaceful and loving god and married with Aphrodite. All city organisations admitted to Hephaestus. He was the ceremony god too. HESTIA ( Vesta ) she was the sister and virgin goddess as Athena and Artemis. She played no part in myth. She was the goddess of heart. Every meal offered to her and the fire was the cities heart connected to Hestia. Protector of home and family. The paradox about Hestia she was the first swallowed child of coronus that’s why she came out last from Cronus’s stomach when Zeus poisoned him. The maiden gods are Athena, Hestia. Artemis and they were immune to spell of Aphrodite. THE LESSER GODS OF OLYMPUS The most important of them was EROS. Homer does not know about him. Eros idea came with Plato the Greek philosopher not by a poet He is the god of love. For Plato Eros make his home in men’s heart but not in every man. With the idea of Plato Eros was exist and he was the companion of Aphrodite. Later poets were telling that he was Aphrodite’s son. And he was very naughty or even worse. IRIS the goddess of rainbow. And Messenger of the gods in Olympus. THE GRACERS grace sisters. Aglia euphrosyne and thalia. They treated as in one. they were cheering the gods with their dance to Apollo’ lyre. The man they visited was happy. Hebe : The god of youth, daughter of Zeus. She married to Hercules THE MUSES SISTERS they were nine of them. and they were also same as the graces and count as one. Muses were a holly gift to the men. Because when they sing, for a man has sorrow and grief in his soul he would be free from all thoughts and forgets his troubles. In later times each had her own special field. THE GODS OF WATER Poseidon was the lord of the sea. The Mediterranean (friendly sea) and the black sea (unfriendly sea) also underground rivers too. Ocean a titan and was the lord of the river ocean. That was the great river encircling the earth. Neresus he called THE OLD MAN OF THE SEA a trusty god and gentle. For Hesiod he was thinking kindly thoughts and never lies. Triton the trumpeter of the sea Proteus he had the power foretelling the future and of changing of his shape. The naiads they were the nymphs of the water. They dwelt in brooks and spring. UNDER WORLD Tartarus and Erebus: Tartarus deeper of the two Erberus was the dead pass as soon as they die. In Homer under world is shadowy place inhabited. Nothing real and is like a miserable place. Charon ferries the death cross the water only who buried duly with passage money on their lips. Cerberus guard dog of underworld with 3 head and dragon tale. Who let the dead enter but doesn’t let ever out again. Styx the river of unbreakable oath by which gods swear. Lethe the river of forgetfulness, Phlegethon the river of fire. The Enries placed by Virgil where the evil once get punished. DEMETER. The goddess of the corn and she is happy goddess of the summer. Mother of Persephone. She has great importance for the Greek and the roman mythology. The great temple was in Elesius built for her. DIONYSUS. The god of the vine. Also has a big importance fort he roman and the Greek mythology. The dramas set for him and he is the only god could die and come back. Also he brought his mother from death. Pan goat headed ugly but happy god. He is the god of the wilds and the shepherds and the forests. Silenus: He was associated with Bacchus as well as with pan. He was always drunk. Castor and Polux: the protectors of the sailors. The Satyrs: Like pan they were goat-men/ The Centura half man half horse /The Gorgons dragon like creatures. / Gralae 3 grey woman , they had only one eye between them. THE ROMAN GODS Minerva ( Athena) Venus(Aphrodite) Mercury (Hermes) Diana (Diana) Vulcan(Hephaestus) Ceres (Demeter) Apollo and Pluto (Hades) Saturn (Zeus) Dionysus (Bacchus) . THE STORIES DEMETER ( CERES) the goddess of corn and fertile. Persephone her daughter kidnapped by Hades the ruler of underworld. She was very sad and after long time she find out that her daughter was with Hades. But all that time she was sad so the earth effected by the sadness of her. It did cause no wheat or cereal was growing so the man kind was suffering and facing with famine. The gods wasn’t happy with that and Zeus interfere with the situation. They made arrangement that Persephone was going to stay 6 month with Demeter 6 month with Hades. That cause the winter n summer. Although every year they do festive for honour of Demeter in autumn. DIONYSUS (BACCHUS) Dionysus was the last god entered to Olympus. Coz he was son of Zeus n his mother was mortal n he was semi god. Thebes was the city of Dionysus where he born from his mother Semele. She was unfortunate woman because of Hera. Zeus loved her n promised her about Styx river unbreakable oath that he could do anything that she wants. She asked him to see his thunder bolt which is Hera put that in her mind so Zeus did it coz he could not break his oath. She died because of the burning light of thunder bolt so Zeus saved his so Dionysus. So god of vine was born from fire and nursed by rain as hard burning heat that ripens the grapes and rain keeps them plant alive. One day he was captured by pirates, they chained him n he didn’t fight back. Just watched them. Only helmsmen were thinking that he could be god n he cried for him n tell the others set him free. No one listened him. N Dionysus became a lion n all crew went of the board but instantly each of them became a dolphin part from helmsmen coz he was a good man. From his stories we can say the god of wine is beneficent and also can be cruel. It is really suits the god of wines personality as in effect of alcohol that also the same. How the world was created First there was  only darkness and death. After love was born. and love created light with it’s companion Radiant day. No one could explain how all happened it just happened. After love and light earth appeared HOW THE MANKIND WERE CREATED The first creatures were three different kind. Hundred handed and fifty heads they were three. Other three is Cyclopes. And the titans. After the Olympians came from titans. And the gods (Olympians) battled with the titans n took the power. The only titan helped the gods was Prometheus. Story 1: The wise Prometheus chosen to create a man. But his brother Epimetheus gave all good things to the animals. So there was not much left. Prometheus decide to create human in the form of gods so it would be honourable for human. And animals had all protection as such as wings fur paws etc so he gave to the human the fire to use. Story 2 : gods themselves created the man. A) golden race which they were mortal but lived like gods with no sorrow of heart. they were below the gods but after they die the were becoming a pure spirit and guards of living men. B) silver race: they had so little intelligence they could not keep injure each other. their spirits did not live after they die. C) brass race: they were terrible men and such a lover of war and violence. D) god like heroes: who fought in glories wars and went on great adventures. After they die they departed to isles of the blessed that they lived forever. E) iron race: which is still now upon the earth. They lived in evil time so very normal that they are evil too. Golden age there was only men, no women. Zeus created the woman called Pandora and she is the first woman on earth. Zeus created Pandora for punish Prometheus because of his love and interest about the men. Anger of Zeus wasn’t only because Prometheus had stolen the fire for men ; he also tricked Zeus as hiding good part of the sacrifices from Zeus by wrapping the bones with fat and made Zeus chose the bad part. Pandora names meaning is the gift of all. Curiosity of Pandora(women) coz lots of trouble to the world and the men. She was giving a box and spouse to not open but she couldn’t resist and opened it then all bad things came out of it such as plague, suffer, disease ,sorrow . only one good thing left was hope. Punishment Of Prometheus. The reasons of it ; 1) stealing fire 2) trick on Zeus with the bad part of sacrifice. (bones and fat) 3) the prophecy about Zeus that who will kill Zeus known by Prometheus. The conditions made by Zeus to release the Prometheus were 1) one immortal should die for him 2) a mortal need to win the battle against eagle and kill it. Destroying the iron race Zeus finally decide to destroy the iron race and with his brother Poseidon’s help he sent a flood over the world with nine days rain. Obviously Prometheus knew about flood so he told his son Deucalion to build a chest(ship) Deucalion and Pyrrha his niece were in it and they land on the only clear part of earth from flood was Parnassus. Zeus weren’t angry of the event because them two the survivals were faithful prayers to the gods. Then later on there were no one else and they find the temple top ray to the gods for other people so they heard a voice telling them to break the Stones. And all Stones that they chopped turn in to a human in order. Europa: kings Sidon’s daughter. Two continents claimed over her. Asia (formed a woman ) that said she born in Asia and she was belong to Asia and the other one was nameless that the declare Zeus would give the maiden to her. (Europe) Europe’s basket was golden and flowers she was collecting called narcissus, hyacinths, violets and yellow crocus and wild roses. Zeus fell in love with her by cupids shot. Important note about Europe she is also famous in other continents as ion. Polypemus (the Cyclopes) Odysseus and his men had lost while they were on their way back home after the destruction of troy. They came to an island on their way and they decide to sop there for food and drink. He had 12 men. They found a cave n went in the cave and while after the polyp emus came and saw them. He closed the big hence with big rock. No man could open it. He trapped them and he ate 2 of the men of Odysseus even though they claim that they were the guest of Zeus he was not care. Then Odysseus planed the trick to make him drunk and blind him with the red hot spike while he was sleeping. And very next they polyp emus opened the gate and start waiting for catch them while they would escape. But Odysseus was very clever and hide under the sheep’s instead of run away on top of them. Then he shout back to polyp emus after he escape tell everyone that who blind you with arrogance. Flower myths Narcissus very beautiful lady who does not like but himself. He interested with no maiden at all. Echo was in love with him. Echo was favourite of Artemis but she cursed by Hera not to have power of speak first. She could only repeat what she has been told. Narcissus cursed by nemesis and fall in love with his own reflection of water. And he died there. And the flower bloomed and the nymphs gave his name to those flowers. Hyacinths: Apollo’s companion. He died when they were playing the game of throwing the disks. Apollo threw it so fast and killed hyacinths by mistake another story too that zephyr(the west wind) actually caused the death of hyacinths by blowing the disk that Apollo threw and made the disk went faster than spouse to. He did that so out of jealousy. The place where he died the flower bloomed and of bloodstained grass and made his name known forever. This two stories tell us the spring flowers to appear on spring. Adonis the boy Aphrodite loved a lot. And she gave him to Persephone to look after him. Persephone loved him too. Out of them two Zeus decided in to stay in autumn and winter (6 month) with Persephone, and spring and summer with Aphrodite (6month) one day he died when he was on earth and where his blood dropped the flower appear called as Adonis The love of Cupid and psyche The youngest daughter of a kings three daughters. She called psyche. And she was even more beautiful than Aphrodite and she was jealous . she told cupid to make her fall in love with on ugly creature. Cupid went to do so but he fell in love with psyche. But psyche didn’t fell in love with him so no men with her. So she was destined to be alone. Her father by Apollo’s oracle told to take her to hill. for wait there her destined husband. And cupid came n pick her up from there. They got married but in one condition that she was not allowed to look at him. One night she has been forced by her sisters n be came curious about seeing  his face for to do that she tried but get caught by cupid n the trust between them already broken. Cupid told her there could be no love when there is no trust. So he left her and she was so upset that she lost the god of love. To get him back she decide to go n see Aphrodite. But Aphrodite gave her four tasks to do. 1) separate the seeds and ants helped her on this mission. That’s why Aphrodite didn’t count that has accomplished. And gave her another task 2) bring the golden wool. She is given the clever idea by nymph that’s why the task didn’t count by Aphrodite. Another task giving 3) get some black water of Styx and the eagle helped her this time. Aphrodite wasn’t happy at all so gave her the fourth task 4) bring the box filled with charm by Persephone. While she was taking the box back to Aphrodite she was curious and looked in the box which is she was forbidden and she poisoned by sleep. Cupid came and save her by waking her up from her sleep. And they live happy. Pyramus and Thisbe The mulberry tree was white and turn into red after two lovers mistaken and taken their own life with their own hands. They died under the white mulberry tree. The story is similar to the story of Romeo and Juliet. Orpheus and Erupice Athena invented the flute but never played. Orpheus was the best musician. Mother side he was more than a mortal. His mother was a muse. After he married with Eurydice she died and he went to underworld and softened the heart of Hades. Hades allowed him to take his wife back to the world but only one condition that he has to walk front and wife needed to follow behind Orpheus. He wasn’t allowed to look back until she leave underworld gate. But soon as Orpheus went out the gate of underworld he turned back to check his wife was there or not. Unluckily she was still behind the gate and he lost her. Ceyx and Alcyone Ceyx a king in Thessaly was the son of Lucifer. The light bearer. His wife was Alcyone. She was the daughter of wind. (king Aelius) Ceyx had a plan to go cross the sea. And he went into storm while he was sailing. (god of sleep Cimmerians in a deep valley the sun never shines and dusky all things in shadows) Alcyone was praying to Hera and goddess was touched. Morpheus son of sleep god went Alcyone’s dream and she saw him in her dream and he show things about her husband Ceyx’s death. After she cried the gods made them both birds that fly together over the sea since then the sea gets calm in winters for 7 days. And the days called Alcyone days or Halcyone days. Pygmalion and Galatea. Pygmalion gifted sculpture of Cyprus named Pygmalion. He had felt in love with statue he made. Venus found that interesting and she gave the statue a soul on the feast day of Venus. He was so happy and they had son so they gave him the name Paphos the favourite city of Venus. Baucis and Philemon. The story proves immeasurable power of the gods and their rewards to the humble and the religious people. Zeus and Hermes went into poor human form and they were testing people by knocking their doors and asking for hospitality. And no one helped them part from the old couple called Baucis and Philemon. They were very poor but still very exited to have guests in their house. Zeus and Hermes was very happy with the treatment they received by this couple and they told them that they were pair of gods. From that point zeus asked them what they want to be rewarded with. Baucis and Philemon said we would like to be your priest and the guardians of temple and also we want to live together and die together. And that wish came through for them. Daphne. She is another person that who hate love and marriage. She said to been Apollo’s first love. It is not strange that she runaway from Apollo. Because of many other maiden either had to kill her child or killed her self. And that was even worse than death. In other hand she didn’t want any mortal lovers either. She wanted to be virgin like Diana (Artemis). But Apollo saw her and every thing ended for her. Apollo started chasing her and she did start running away from him. She saw her father’s river and she asked help from her father (the river god Peneus). That moment bark (agac kabugu) start enclosing her and leaves were sprouting. She turned into a tree laurel. Apollo watched the transformation and since then laurel was his tree. Alpheus and Arethusa in Sicily there was sacred spring called Arethusa. She was not a water or water nymph. Arethusa loved hunting and freedom of the forest like Artemis. She did not interest with men. One day she was swimming and she heard a voice and runaway with fear. The voice told her stop and said I am the god of river Alpheus and I love you. But she did not want anything about him or love. Arethusa called her god Artemis and Artemis changed her into a spring of water. And she went to Sicily from Greece by a tunnel under the sea. But it was not enough to stop Alpheus the god of river. The Quest of the Golden Fleece This is the story of finding the golden fleece without knowing whether it is exist or not. There was no highway part from lakes, rivers and the sea. The story begins with the king Athamas who rired of his wife and left her to get marry another one called princess Ino. First wife Nephele was worried her two children, specially the boy Phrixus. She thought that king’s new wife would kill him to take throne for her son and she was right. She planned to bribe oracle to say the king if Phrixus not sacrificed there would be no crops or corn. People force to king for phrixus sacrifice. Then the golden fleece take them away. I the story amazons also appear their mother is peaceful nymph Harmony but their father is Ares . Phaeton, the son of sun. He went to visit his father. And he ask to work sun for a day. and it did cause his death. There after he became a poplar tree. Pegasus and Bellerophon after bellerophon killed his brother he left the country he is from and went to the kingdom of Argos the king Proetus. Wife of Proetus fell in love with Bellerophon. But bellerophon had no interest so she was very angry and told her husband that he tried to be with her. Proetus could not kill him because he was his guest and set a plan to kill him in other kingdom. Proetus sent him to kill a dragon like animal in Lycian kingdom. Before he go he went to oracles and they told him stay one night in temple. When he was sleeping in temple the gods gave him Pegasus. He flew to Lycia and he killed the creature. then king of lycia sent him also to do a task in Amazon. When he finish this and many other task the king made him married with his youngest daughter. After all success he had he start thinking that he is even better than the god. This thought took anger of gods and they made him fell from Pegasus while he was flying and of course he died after. Daedalus he was the architect who made the labyrinth in Crete. So he help the Athenians to escape from there and there for the king put him in prison in the labyrinth with his son. He found the way again to escape from there and made wings from wax. He told his son not to fly to high because closer the sun would be warm and would melt. But when they were flying away his son didn’t care and flew higher and finally the wings melt and he fell in to the sea and die after. Perseus King Acrisus of Argos had only a daughter and king went to ask oracles will he able to have a son. They told him no and the worse thing is they said you will be killed by your grand son. So he put his daughter in a deep prison to stop the prophecy. But she had a child from Zeus and she called him Perseus. He had Pegasus and killed Medusa. While after King Acrisus was in athletic contests and the discus thrown by Peseus kild him and prophecy became true. His been killed by his grandson. Theseus is Hercules cousin. He was willing to become a hero quick as possible. He visit his father Aegeus. Then he went to crete for contest that to kill bull headed creature in Labyrinth that Daedalus made. Ariadne the princes fell in love with him gave the thread to open it when he walks in the labyrinth so he could follow back when he finish his task in there. He killed the bull headed creature and came out. With Ariadne he was coming back to homeland but he forget to put black flag down and put the white one up. So his father could understand he is still a live but his father saw the black flag up and he tought his son was dead. Then he threw him self from the cliff and died. Since then the sea called Aegean sea. Hercules, Son of Zeus. He was thinking that he is equal to the gods. The reason behind that, the gods needed his help for conquering the giants. He defeat the giants and help gods that even could not do by them selves. It was fortune that no living thing in the air, sea or land could kill him. He could be overcome only by a super natural force. Which is Hera did at the end. He was not intelligent as the other heroes but he was most powerful of them and the only undefeatable one by living. Hera was very jealous and always determined to kill him. Hera tried to kill him first time when Hercules was a year old. Then she tried till Hercules died. Atalanta The first case concerns a huntress named Atalanta who raced against a suitor named Melanion. Melanion used golden apples to distract Atalanta so that he could win the race. The day, Atalanta born her father abandoned her on a wild mountain. She was taking care by Artemis. She grew by a bear. When she grown her father claim for her and want to marry her. She accept it but only in one condition that is who ever wants to marry with her need to win the foot race. But if the suitor lose the race they would die. Melanion realized that is no one could defeat her in a normal way so he prayed to Aphrodite. She gave him three golden apple and told him throw them during the race so it could slow Atalanta down. With this trick he won the race and they get married. While after they turned into pair of lions because of upsetting gods. The judgement of Paris. the evil goddess of discord, Eris was not popular in Olympus. There was an important wedding party, that of king Peleus and sea nymph Thetis. All other gods were invited but Eris was not. She determined to make a trouble and she succeeded. She threw in to the banqueting hall a golden apple marked for the fairest! Of course all goddess wanted it. But at the end only Hera, Aphrodite and Athena remain. They asked Zeus to judge between them. Clever Zeus refused it. He told them to go to Paris for the judgement. He was a shepherd. He was an excellent judge of beauty. Hera promised to make him the lord of Europe and Asia. Athena said that you will lead the Trojan to victory against the Greeks. Aphrodite offered him the fairest woman should be his. And he gave the apple to Aphrodite. The judgement of Paris was the real reason of Trojan War. The Trojan War: Helen was the fairest woman in the world. She was married with a king of Sparta Menelaus brother of Agamemnon. Aphrodite told him Helen is the fairest women on earth. Paris visited Menelaus and Helen and he took her with himself when he was going back to Troy. Menelaus called upon all Greece to help him in the war against Troy and get his wife back. Also he wanted Odysseus and Achilles with him. the reason behind that Odysseus is the most clever and Achilles was the biggest hero at that time. Odysseus didn’t want to go for a war. He pretended therefore, as a mental. But the messengers tricked him by taking his sons and threatened him that they would kill them so he obeyed them and he went with them. Achilles also didn’t want to go and therefore he dressed like a woman in palace. And Odysseus tricked him by taking a lot of dresses with pair of guns. When the real girls were interested of the clothes he chose to look at the weapons so Odysseus find out that he was Achilles. Whose side the Gods were? Aphrodite, Ares, Artemis and Apollo was side of Paris, Poseidon, Hera and Athena was side of Greeks. Zeus was neuter.