Study on Delhi - 1133 Words

The lack of standard concepts in research is perhaps the most significant difficulty in the comparison of results between studies.[1] In the running injury field, many researchers have noted the problem of how to define a running-related injury.[2-4] Some investigators have suggested the need for a standardised definition of running-related injury.[2, 5-7] However, a consensus has not yet been reached; thus, researchers have used different definitions in their studies.[3, 8, 9] Currently, the rates of prevalence and incidence of running injuries vary between 19% and 92%, depending on the injury definition adopted in the study. This means that the lack of standardisation of injury definitions may affect study results.[2, 3, 5, 9-15] For instance, Bovens, et al. [16] used a broad definition of running-related injury as â€Å"any physical complaint developed in relation with running activities and causing restriction in running distance, speed, duration or frequency†; they found an injury incidence of 84.9%. On the other hand, Blair, et al. [17] adopted a more stringent definition of running-related injury as â€Å"an injury that causes the runners to stop running for at least seven days†; they found a lower injury incidence of 24%. The higher rate of injury found in the first study may be due to the lack of a specific period of interruption or time off from running in the definition used, in contrast to the definition used in the second study, w hich clearly specifies the period ofShow MoreRelatedThe Health Impacts Of Long Term Exposure Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this report is to determine and evaluate the health impacts of long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Delhi. Several possible self-protective solutions for people in Delhi will be discussed. Researches are done by critically comparing, summarizing and analyzing the data from academic articles. Delhi pollution control committee is proposed to be our client. The ambient PM2.5 in Delhi is 15 times higher than the WHO guidelines, which is identified as the most significant pollutants threateningRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Human Health Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesair pollution level in Delhi and compare the levels before and after Diwali 6. To find the level of pollution caused by different sources and the data supporting it. 7. To analyze the level of pollution in Delhi by comparing it to prescribed limits prescribed by various institutions. 8. To study the effects of air pollution on human health by secondary data sources and interviews conducted by our group. 9. To study the effects of air pollution on the floral life. 10. To study the data given by theRead MoreThe New Delhi School System1256 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, a long standing one that has gone on is in New Delhi, India where they have struggled with the right to education in their public schools. On April 1, 2010 the act for the right of children to free and compulsory education was passed in New Delhi, India. The law promised free and compulsory education to all children between the age groups of six and fourteen years old. A study on the implementation of the Right to Education Act in Delhi three years of its existence, has shown overwhelmingRead MoreAlienation in Arun Joshi ´s The Foreigner Essay examples1368 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest problems confronting modern man. Its corrosive impact can be seen in the form of generation gap, the anti war movement, the hippie phenomenon, the credibility gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and so on. â€Å" (1) ‘ â€Å"The Foreigner† is the study of Sindi Oberoi’s character which is not a study of individual but it is a representation of the suffering of whole modern mankind. It reveals the self and social isolation of the modern man in order to find peace. He moves from person to person, place to place and countryRead MoreAnita Desai s Desai 1035 Words   |  5 PagesSummer? New Delhi: Orient Paper backs, 192. Desai, Anita. Cry, The Peacock. New Delhi: Orient Paper backs,190. Secondary Sources Bande, Usha. The Novels of Anita Desai. New Delhi Prestige, 2000 Belliappa, Meena. Anita Desai: The Study of her fiction, Calcutta: writers workshop, 1971. Budholia, O.P. Critical Essays On Indian English Literature. 2003. Gamble,S. ed., Feminism and Post Feminism Cambridge: Icon Books,1999 Gopal, N.R. A Critical Study of the novels of Anita Desai, New Delhi, Atlantic PublishersRead MoreStakeholder Analysis Of Delhi s Odd Even Policy1510 Words   |  7 Pagespolicy has directly or indirectly impacted a wide variety of people especially those living in Delhi. Due to the complexity of the demographic structure and transportation system in Delhi, this experiment has drew intense attentions from the public and brought pressure to the government. The citizens in Delhi were highly impacted by this drastic measure. Meanwhile, the high court in Delhi and the Delhi government played the key roles in determining and implementing the policy. It is crucial to understandRead MoreIdentification And Profiling Of North East Delhi District Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesNorth East Delhi district, Delhi Abstract Introduction India is a multicultural and multi linguistic country with diverse and rich heritage culture and heritage which believes in unity with diversity. New Delhi is the capital of India located in heart of India. Delhi being a metropolitan city encompasses itself with rich infrastructure and community, the main purpose for me opting for this specific area is mostly due to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and I have chosen to focus my study upon north east Delhi. North eastRead MoreReliance Fresh Project Reports1678 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"CONSUMER PERCEPTION AND THEIR BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS â€Å"RELIANCE FRESH† SUPERMARKETS NEW DELHI, INDIA.† Chapter 1: Introduction Reliance Retail: Retailing is the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. A retailer is one who stocks the producer’s goods and is involved in the act ofRead MoreFactors Favoring Managerial Effectiveness : A Study Of Select Public And Private Sector Organizations Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pages(2012) ‘Factors favoring managerial effectiveness: a study of select public and private sector organizations’, International Journal of Business Economics and Management Research, 2(1), Pp. 1-27. Adewuyi, D. (2002) ‘Comparison between school effectiveness characteristics and classroom instruction strategies in the United States and Nigeria’, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, XXVI, Pp. 263-287. Agarwal, V. (1983) ‘A study of stress proneness adjustment and job satisfactionRead MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Leadership Behavior Of Secondary School Principals Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesP. (1990) ‘A study of the characteristics of effective leadership behaviour of secondary school Principals’, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Cited in MB. Buch Fifth Survey of Educational Research (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, Pp.879-880. DFID (2000) ‘Poverty Elimination and the Empowerment of Women Gender Inequality poverty and human Development’, UNESCO Publication. Diwan, R. (1993) ‘PhD (Education) in MB. Buch Sixth Survey of Educational Research’ (Vol. II) NCERT, New Delhi, Pp. 503-504

Aether Definition in Alchemy and Science

There are two related science definitions for the term aether, as well as other non-scientific meanings. (1) Aether was the fifth element in alchemical chemistry  and early physics. It was the name given to the material that was believed to fill the universe beyond the terrestrial sphere. The belief in aether as an element was held by medieval alchemists, Greeks, Buddhists, Hindus, the Japanese, and the Tibetan Bon. Ancient Babylonians believed the fifth element to be the sky. The fifth element in the Chinese Wu-Xing was metal rather than aether.(2) Aether was also considered the medium that carried light waves in space by 18th and 19th Century scientists. Luminiferous ether was proposed in order to explain the capacity of light to propagate through apparently empty space. The Michelson-Morley experiment (MMX) led scientists to realize there was no aether and that light was self-propagating. Key Takeaways: Aether Definition in Science While there are several definitions of aether, only two pertain to science.The first is that aether was believed to be the substance that filled invisible space. In early history, this substance was believed to be an element.The second definition was that luminiferous aether was the medium through which light traveled. The Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887 demonstrated light did not require a medium for propagation.In modern physics, aether is most often connoted with a vacuum or three-dimensional space devoid of matter. Michelson-Morley Experiment and Aether The MMX experiment was performed at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley. The experiment used an interferometer to compare the speed of light in perpendicular directions. The point of the experiment was to determine the relative motion of matter through the aether wind or luminiferous aether. It was believed light required a medium in order to move, similar to the way sound waves require a medium (e.g., water or air) to propagate. Since it was known light could travel in a vacuum, it was believed the vacuum must be filled with a substance called aether. Since the Earth would revolve around the Sun through the aether, there would be a relative motion between the Earth and the aether (the aether wind). Thus, the speed of light would be affected by whether the light was moving in the direction of the Earths orbit or perpendicular to it. The negative results were published in the same year and followed up with exp eriments of increased sensitivity. The MMX experiment led to the development of the theory of special relativity, which does not rely on any aether for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. The Michelson-Morley experiment is considered to be the most famous failed experiment. (3) The word aether or ether may be used to describe apparently empty space. In Homeric Greek, the word aether refers to the clear sky or pure air. It was believed to be the pure essence breathed by gods, while man required air to breathe. In the modern usage, aether simply refers to invisible space (e.g., I lost my email to the aether.) Alternate Spellings: Æther, ether, luminous aether, luminiferous aether, aether wind, light-bearing ether Commonly Confused With: Aether is not the same thing as the chemical substance, ether, which is the name given to a class of compounds containing an ether group. An ether group consists of an oxygen atom connected to two aryl groups or alkyl groups. Aether Symbol in Alchemy Unlike many alchemical elements, aether does not have a commonly accepted symbol. Most often, it was represented by a simple circle. Sources Born, Max (1964). Einsteins Theory of Relativity. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-60769-6.Duursma, Egbert (Ed.) (2015). Etherons as Predicted by Ioan-Iovitz Popescu in 1982. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1511906371.Kostro, L. (1992). An outline of the history of Einsteins relativistic ether concept. in Jean Eisenstaedt; Anne J. Kox (eds.), Studies in the History of General Relativity, 3. Boston-Basel-Berlin: Birkhà ¤user, pp. 260–280. ISBN 978-0-8176-3479-7.Schaffner, Kenneth F. (1972). Nineteenth-Century Aether Theories. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-015674-3.Whittaker, Edmund Taylor (1910). A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (1st ed.). Dublin: Longman, Green and Co.

Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The intent of this survey was to measure the lower appendage isokinetic musculus strength, to find affected musculus groups and their dependance on motion speed, and to happen out the relationship between musculus strength and clinical badness, every bit good as musculus strength and falls, in Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ) . Twenty-five patients diagnosed with PD and 24 healthy voluntaries were enrolled in this survey. The lower appendage musculus strength was evaluated with an isokinetic ergometer. We will write a custom essay sample on Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clinical position was examined in conformity with the Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ; autumn history was besides recorded. We have observed that there was a important lessening in isokinetic musculus strength in the patient group, particularly in both of the hip and articulatio genus flexors and extensors. It has been found that reduced musculus strength was independent of speed, and correlated with clinical badness and falls. In decision, motion velocity-independent lower appendage isokinetic musculus failing has been observed in patients with PD, particularly in the articulatio genus and hip articulations. Therefore, the rating of isokinetic musculus strength may be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and falls in PD. Keywords: Parkinson ‘s disease ; Isokinetic ; Muscle strength ; Lower appendage 1. Introduction Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ) is a common neurodegenerative status in which patients typically experience troubles such as awkwardness of motions ( bradykinesia ) , stiffness of the musculuss ( rigidness ) , shudder, balance perturbations, and progressive lessening in motor functions.1-3 When combined with multiple other factors, decreased musculus strength can take to falls among aged patients, doing breaks, joint disruptions, terrible soft tissue lesions, and caput trauma.4,5 As a back uping fact, the autumn rate is higher among those with PD compared to healthy aged persons, harmonizing to the clinical image of the disease.4,6 Muscle failing is one of the chief symptoms of PD.7 In recent clinical tests, decreased musculus strength has been observed in patients with PD.8-12 Kakinuma et al.12 measured the isokinetic musculus strength on articulatio genus extension and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exion, and they observed isokinetic strength decrease on the side that is more greatly affected by PD. In another survey, Nallegowda et al.9 tested the bole, hip, and ankle flexor and extensor musculuss ‘ strengths utilizing isokinetic measuring, and reported a lessening in strength in all the flexor and extensor musculus groups. Pedersen et al.10 obtained lower isokinetic homocentric torsion consequences compared to command topics on quantitative appraisal of dorsii ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exors. Inkster et al.11 observed that decreased strength at the hip muscles is an of import subscriber to the trouble in lifting from a chair among patients with PD. Finally, Nogaki et al.8,13 hypothesized that musculus failing in PD is likely to depend on motion speed. In contrast to the isokinetic ratings mentioned supra, there are some surveies in which quantitative isotonic and isometric musculus strengths have been evaluated.7,14,15 So far, there has been no survey in the literature that evaluated the isokinetic strength of the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations together. There are some limited surveies, nevertheless, that evaluated the musculus groups at different isokinetic speeds in the lower extremity13, every bit good as the correlativity between musculus strength, and clinical position and falls9 among patients with PD. In this survey, we evaluate the lower appendage flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength at the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD. We aim to happen out which musculus groups and motion speeds of the lower appendage are more greatly affected by the disease, and we seek to detect the relationship between musculus failing, and clinical position and falls. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Patients This survey was designed as a cross-sectional, controlled survey. The patients included in this work were from the outpatient clinics of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Neurology Departments, and were diagnosed with PD harmonizing to the United Kingdom Parkinson ‘s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria.9 The survey was approved by the local ethical commission at the Inonu University School of Medicine and carried out in conformity with the rules in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all the participants. Twenty-five patients ( 17 males and 8 females ) were included in the survey. The average age of the patients was 62.1A ±10.3 ( with a scope of 42-81 ) old ages. All patients were at Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II or III, and were having intervention for PD. None of the patients had any serious orthopedic, neurological, vestibular, or ocular upset that could impact their musculus strength, and all of them could walk unsupported. Twenty-four healthy voluntaries ( 13 males and 11 females ) with no orthopedic, neurological, or other diseases constituted the control group, which was age-matched with the patient group. 2.2. Appraisals 2.2.1. The Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) and Hoehn A ; Yahr presenting Patients were assessed with the usage of the Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) portion II ‘activities of day-to-day populating ‘ ( UPDRS-ADL ) and portion III ‘motor scrutiny ‘ ( UPDRS-ME ) 16, and Hoehn A ; Yahr staging.17 2.2.2. Fall history We used a standard definition for autumn, which is â€Å" accidentally coming to rest on the land, floor, or other lower degree. â€Å" 18 For the interest of coherence with the definition, coming to rest against furniture or a wall was non accepted as a autumn. The figure of falls was determined utilizing self-reported autumn events during the past 6 months. 2.2.3. Isokinetic musculus strength Isokinetic musculus strength trials were administered in the forenoon before the patients took any medical specialty. Patients foremost warmed up for 10 proceedingss on a bike dynamometer with a burden of 1 W/kg. We used the Biodex System 3 Pro ( Biodex, Inc. , Shirley, NY, USA ) isokinetic ergometer for the isokinetic measurings. During the trials, the patients were stabilized with seat belts in order to supply joint stabilisation and to forestall them from falling off the trial chair. All trials were performed on both appendages. The isokinetic protocol consisted of trials at three angular motion speeds of 90, 120, and 150 degrees/sec at 10 revolutions per minute, with a 5-min remainder period between trials. We followed the same process for hip flexion-extension, knee flexion-extension, and ankle plantar/dorsiflexion. The articulatio genus and mortise joint trials were performed in a seated place, while a supine place was used to find hip flexure and extension strength. All trials were performed for homocentric musculus strength every bit good, where the maximal extremum torsion ( Nm ) was recorded at each angular velocity.9 2.3. Statistical analysis We used the SPSS 16.0 package for statistical rating of the trial consequences ( SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA ) . The normalcy for uninterrupted variables in groups was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk trial. We used Student ‘s t-test or Mann-Whitney U trial for comparings, whereas Spearman ‘s rank correlativity trial was used for analysis of informations. For correlativity analysis, the mean musculus strength was calculated at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular motion speeds over the entire values for the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle musculuss. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as the degree of significance. 3. Consequences The descriptive features of the patient and control groups are presented in Table 1. It can be observed from the tabular array that there was no statistically important difference between the two groups in age, weight, and tallness. The average disease continuance was 5.6A ±3.9 ( with a scope of 1-15 ) old ages. Fifteen patients ( 60 % ) were in Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II, and 10 ( 40 % ) were in phase III. In the patient group, the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss were 26.3A ±12 and 8.9A ±5, severally. During the last 6 months, the figure of lumbermans in the patient group was 12 ( 48 % ) , compared to merely 4 ( 16.7 % ) in the control group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . The mean figure of falls was found to be 0.9A ±1.1 in the patient group and 0.2A ±0.5 in the control group ( P lt ; 0.001 ) . The isokinetic musculus strength of the patient and control groups is shown in Table 2. At all speeds, the musculus strength of hip flexors ( P lt ; 0.01 ) and extensors ( P lt ; 0.05 ) was found to be significantly less in the patient group. Similarly, compared with the control group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) , we observed a important lessening in the musculus strength of articulatio genus flexors and extensors in the patient group, irrespective of the speed. Furthermore, the isokinetic extremum torsions of ankle plantar- and dorsiflexor musculuss exhibited significantly smaller values at certain motion speeds in the patient group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . We observed a considerable relationship between musculus strength and figure of falls ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . The correlativity between musculus strength and Hoehn A ; Yahr phase was statistically important. There was besides a strong correlativity between musculus strength and all UPDRS tonss ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . However, there was no correlativity between musculus strength and disease continuance. 4. Discussion The lower appendage musculus strength is known to hold a outstanding consequence on mobility. So far, there have non been any surveies in the literature that evaluated the overall flexor and extensor musculus strength in the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD, although several surveies have evaluated the musculus strength in merely one or two articulations separately10,12,13. In this survey, we assessed musculus strength with an isokinetic ergometer in an effort to find which musculus groups were more greatly affected, and at which of the evaluated motion speeds, and to measure their correlativity with clinical position and falls. While many surveies have evaluated isokinetic musculus strength before ( off province ) and after ( on province ) medicine, we chose to prove all the patients in the forenoon after backdown of medicine ( off province ) . The chief ground for this pick is to govern out the effects of medicine while measuring the musculus fail ing that exists as portion of the nature of PD. The positive effects of antiparkinsonian agents on musculus strength have already been shown in many studies9,19 and are outside the range of this survey. Nallegowda et al.9 evaluated the isokinetic musculus strength at the bole, hip, and ankle flexor and extensor musculuss at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular speeds, which are the same as the 1s used in our survey. They found a important difference in all musculus groups between patients who did non take medicine and the healthy control group. In contrast, we evaluated the articulatio genus flexor and extensor musculus strength alternatively of the bole flexor and extensor musculus strength. As a consequence, we observed a important failing in all hip and articulatio genus musculuss at all evaluated speeds, every bit good as in mortise joint musculuss at some certain speeds. There was besides pronounced musculus failing in the hip flexors compared to the other musculus groups. Hip flexors are the major gas pedals in the swing stage of the gait.20 The trouble in gait induction in patients with PD may lend to the apparent failing of the hip flexors. However, Bartels et al.21 suggested that freeze of pace was non correlated with bradykinesia. Alternatively, ankle musculus strength is more of import in forestalling falls and for proper pace. Less terrible mortise joint musculus failing than the other musculus groups demonstrates the importance of other factors like proprioception. Zia et al.22 pointed out the damage of joint place sense in patients with PD. These consequences suggest the possibility of different underlying diseased mechanisms. Pedersen et al.10 evaluated the mortise joint dorsiflexor isokinetic musculus strength both concentrically and eccentrically, and found significantly lower values for the homocentric musculus strength at all motion speeds compared to the control group, while the bizarre musculus strength was different from the control group merely in male patients. Kakinuma et al.12 separated the topics into two groups harmonizing to their holding more- or less-affected appendage, and found that the isokinetic musculus strength decreased at both the slow and fast motion speeds during the early period of the disease. They besides observed that the difference in musculus strength between the more- and the less-affected appendages decreased in the advanced phase of the disease. Our survey and the surveies mentioned above 9,10,12 demonstrated no relation between the reduced musculus strength and the motion speeds. Nogaki et al.13 found a important lessening in the peak torsion of the isokinetic musculus strength compared to the less-affected appendage at high motion speeds but no difference between the two appendages at lower motion speeds. Therefore, the observation of increased musculus failing at higher motion speeds, which was proposed in the survey by Nogaki et al.13, is comparable with the determination in our survey. Although Corcos et al.23 indicated an asymmetric distribution of musculus failing, our survey has shown the common musculus failing in patients with PD to be similar to those found in the survey by Nallegowda et al.9 In some studies9,13, the importance of the cardinal consequence on musculus failing was emphasized, but the consequence of immobilisation was non considered in patients with PD. The effects of immobilisation on musculus failing should be noted, particularly in aged patients with PD. Assorted surveies reported the hazard of falling in those with PD to run from 38 to 70 % 2,4,9. Our consequences sing the per centum of patients who have suffered from falls were similar. There was a important relationship between falling and musculus strength, but we have non come across any surveies on the association of musculus strength with falls in patients with PD. Some authors24,25 have observed musculus failing at lower appendage as a hazard factor for falling. Therefore, the hazard of falling may be examined in connexion with lower appendage isokinetic musculus strength in patients with PD. We found a pronounced correlativity between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Since the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss are related to clinical position, we had already expected to happen such correlativity between these parametric quantities and musculus strength. The UPDRS is a often used measuring for measuring the clinical state of affairs of patients with PD.26 Given the important correlativity between musculus strength and the UPDRS, isokinetic musculus strength may be used to measure clinical position of patients. Disease patterned advance in PD was evaluated utilizing Hoehn A ; Yahr presenting. Increased disease badness ( a†°?stage III ) leads to more pronounced locomotor system abnormality.27 Most of our patients were in Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II. As can be seen in Table 3, there appeared a important correlativity between isokinetic musculus strength and Hoehn A ; Yahr phase. Muscle failing in our patients was non outstanding, as they were at an early phase of PD. It seems musculus failing is related to clinical badness instead than disease continuance. The chief restrictions of our survey are the unequal figure of patients and the absence of lower speeds, such as 60 degrees/sec, at which isokinetic musculus strength could be evaluated. In drumhead, we found a important lessening in bilateral hip, articulatio genus, and ankle flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength, which was particularly outstanding in the hip muscles at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular motion speeds. In add-on, we detected a relationship between disease badness and musculus failing. Furthermore, a important correlativity was besides present between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Finally, there was a pronounced association between musculus strength and figure of falls. 5. Decisions Taking the consequences of our survey into consideration, we have shown that although musculus strength decreased in the lower appendage, particularly in the hip and articulatio genus, musculus failing was non associated with the speeds at which it was evaluated in this survey. We have demonstrated that the rating of musculus failing degree may be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and autumn hazard in patients with PD. It should be noted, nevertheless, that conflicting old consequences and the deficiency of specific criterions necessitate farther surveies. Recognition The writers would wish to thank Associate Professor Saim Yologlu ( Department of Statistics, Inonu University School of Medicine ) for his sort part to this survey. How to cite Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Sustainability Strategy Analysis Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Strategy Analysisfor Globalization. Answer: Introduction An entire system is a set of different parts that are interrelated and work towards a shared goal. System thinking approach is very much necessary to deal with different problems of sustainability as it overviews the problems and its related things from a macroscopic view (Mihelcic and Zimmerman 2014). In todays life, the system thinking has been utilized by several business practitioners; however, this approach was first derived by Professor Jay Forrester in the year 1956. There is a major difference between the system thinking approach and the traditional thinking approach. The traditional thinking approach generally focuses on whatever has been studied, whereas the system thinking approach focuses on the interrelationship between different components of the system (Wiek et al. 2014). It cannot be denied that the world is now moving towards more globalization and industrialization. Therefore in this era, the business world is facing numerous complex situations in the upcoming years . The significant raise in the numbers of female employees involved in the senior executive roles in the Australian corporations is one of the serious and significant issues in this globalized era. Therefore this essay will critically discuss and support the arguments which favours that system thinking is always helpful while dealing with this wicked problem. The Approach of System Thinking while Dealing with Sustainability Changes System thinking approach is a constructive process to deal with the issues of sustainability as this approach always considers these things from a closer point of view. While discussing with both the traditional analysis approach and system thinking approach, it can be easily derived that the system thinking approach help more in dealing with the complicated problems (Haines 2016). Therefore the system test is a significant part in the system thinking approach. There are three significant part of the system test, those are elements, purpose and functions. The first section of the system test is the purpose, for which the system thinking approach has been adopted. The second part of the test is the elements, which works on several essentials of the system thinking. The last part is the functions that refer to the interrelationship between the essentials. It can be said that the development of computer and the information technology have made significant modifications to the sustainabl e society (Nguyen and Bosch 2013). The technology has also provided computational solutions to several complicated problems in the world. However the sustainability challenges requires to be solved in a more intense manner. The system approach will be useful in recognizing the interrelationship between human behaviour, technology, societal approach and other environment impacts on the society. Therefore, in todays society there is a continuous shift from the computational approach to the system thinking approach. The computational approach considers the usage of algorithms and programming while solving each and every complicated problem. This can be helpful on the one hand; however on the other hand the usage of computational thinking and using algorithms and calculations in every problem works as a limitation to the approach (Kunze, Wulfhorst and Minner 2016). There are always few problems which cannot be solved with the help of algorithms. For such problems individuals have to con sider the system thinking approach. The wicked problem that has been considered in this essay is one of such problems which cannot be solved with computational thinking. The system thinking entirely focuses on the essential elements of the system that will interact with other essential elements within the system. It is the nature of the system thinking approach that solves the complicated problems in the society. For instance, it can be said that system thinking approach is very much helpful while dealing the issues that includes the interrelationships between diverse actors in order to solve the complicated problems or the frequent problems that have not been resolved after sincere efforts in the past. These sustainability challenges are even called adaptive challenges as there are already established processes and protocols which will not be applied in such situations (Glasson and Gibbons 2015). However there is not unified process or any approach in dealing with the wicked sustainability challenges. System thinking can be considered to be quite useful to change the earlier mental models while dealing with the issue of sustainability as it will con tain few technologies, definite processes and a specified set of skills. Scholars have argued that mental models that use system thinking approach involves few particular steps such as, framing the problem while using a dynamic thinking process and the system as the cause thinking; making an understanding that uses operational thinking, generic thinking, and scientific thinking and a proper communication using the emphatic thinking (Martinuzzi, Sedlacko and Jaeger 2016). The Wicked Problem: Increasing Womens participation in the Senior Executive Roles in Australian Corporations The problems that are considered to be the wicked problems are generally complex in nature, unstable and have no clear solution to it. The issue of more women participating in the leadership roles in the Australian Corporations can be considered as a wicked problem as it is one of the most complex problems, not only in Australia, but also all around the world. Despite several evidences of the companies that the companies with more percentages of women in their workforce as performing in leadership jobs perform a lot better, especially in the financial matters, the upper stratums of the corporate world of Australia still remain male dominated (Bruni, Gherardi and Poggio 2014). After assessing the benefits of gender diversity, the organizations need to be meritocratic. However the definition of who has sufficient merit to get promoted and who does not does not occur excluding the gender bias and subjectivity that has always remained challenging in the practice. These have more occurren ces especially when it comes to the promotions or appointing women in the senior executive roles. Promotions should be done based on an unbiased evaluation of both the future potential of the individual that can be helpful in meeting the needs of the organization and their record of part performance. However, there can always be an issue with this assessment, as the past performance can be easily evaluated, but the assessment of the future potential is quite subjective and this is where the biased judgments occur. Therefore, it will not be much surprising if the meritocracy can be implemented and biases can be minimized, it will enhance the progress of the women in the senior leadership. However, it is always an uncomfortable truth that men still remain in the majority by the factor of six of the top executives in most of the Australian organizations (Wajcman 2013). The Workplace Gender Equality Agency has found in their research that while around thirty four percent of the senior managers i the corporate world are women, only sixteen percent CEOs are women especially in the priv ate sector organizations. However, the public sector of Australia presents a worse scenario, where only five percent of the CEOs are women. Therefore if any kind of significant changes are to see in such statistics and corporate situation, the decision makers needs to question their own mental model or the thinking process and hold onto new behaviours and hire more qualified women into the top executive levels in the Australian organizations (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2016). This may also indicate to hiring someone, who is entirely different from the previous employees. However, this is the most significant reason in hiring more male employees in the top executive roles, as to the management appointing a woman to a senior position seems to be risky than to appoint a man. Application of the System Thinking Approach to Deal with the Problem System thinking can offer numerous ways while dealing with the complicacy of the issue with increasing the numbers of women in the senior role and it will be an entirely new approach to the decision makers in the management. The system approach has already been suitable in dealing with the complex issues in the business world (Glasson and Gibbons 2015). The System approach will view this related issues from a much broader viewpoint to find out whether there is any interconnected links between the levels. A system thinking approach generally considers the significance of the situation and the circumstances under which the particular decision has been taken and the influence of the situations during the time of implementation. While a problem is being dealt under the system thinking approach, even a small change in one of the essential elements can have a huge impact on the rest and there can be a massive change in the decision. While dealing with this specific issue the management of such organization need to assess current scenario of the female employees in top positions. Generally it is more obvious that the concerned decision makers will feel more comfortable in employing or promoting someone who is similar to themselves (Bocken et al. 2014). Most of the decision makers in the management are male employees, therefore they also feel comfortable in appointing someone who have appointed in such roles in the past. However, the continuous scarcity of female employees in the senior posi tions indicates less female role models to be referred for the decision makers. Therefore, promoting or appointing a female employee in a senior position that may be hold by a male employee, needs a more careful and objective assessment of the attributes, skills and the experiences regardless of gender (Sheridan, Ross-Smith and Lord 2014). Therefore in such situations, system thinking approach will benefit the organizational decision as there can be a systematic process of evaluating all the components that are involved in the decision making. However, it is always comes as a challenge for any human being to overcome all the biases, whether it is unconscious or conscious, it has some amount of impact on the decisions. The previous researches over this matter has indicated that while appointing an executive or a manager, the decision makers in the management most of the times interpret the merit as the past experiences and generally that ends up being the people who think and act like the people in the management. However, the world has shifted from that idea far ago, therefore this is not supposed to work anymore. Therefore to be a more agile and consumer centric organizations, the management will need more versatile, broad minded and flexible people in the workforce who can have a clear approach towards the future requirements of the organization (Adapa, Rindfleish and Sheridan 2016). Therefore, in such situations, system thinking approach will be very much helpful. It is also important to have a circumstances where the i ncreasing in the numbers of women employees in the top executive roles as a wicked problem not as a simpler problem. Relevance of the System Thinking Approach However there are several other arguments that have opposed the relevance of the system thinking approach. Even if it has been argued that system thinking approach can solve the wicked problems, there are some researchers who have also argued that this approach basically considers the ideology of the technically efficient people or the planners. Therefore it would be difficult to deal with this specific gender bias issue following this approach. Another criticism of the approach says that the system thinking approach is a time consuming procedure, as it needs to introspect all the minor issues that are related with the issue. Therefore an organization with urgency of recruiting senior employees or having a load of recruitment process will not be able to follow this approach (Kunze, Wulfhorst and Minner 2016). However, if the organizations need to increase the number of female employees within their workforce, they need to value all the minor and microscopic issues that are related wi th the problem. Conclusion There are other criticisms regarding this approach where the scholars claim that the approach only considers the cybernetics model, therefore it will only consider the mechanistic model. It is also a fact that even if system thinking deals with the interaction between several elements, but it does not specify the nature if the particular interdependency. Therefore, I will agree to the statement of the essay that system thinking process is significant but there should always be experts who have the capability of understanding the mathematical model of the approach and numerous tools that can be used in the thinking process. Including this approach will enable the decision makers to see the sustainability challenges from a pluralistic and complex point of view. 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